Derek Bentely Essay

Why Derek Bentley’s execution was important in changing attitudes to Capital Punishment? For serious crimes, such as murder, the government has introduced a punishment which is known as the Capital punishment. It’s a death penalty for the person who committed a crime. The government believed that the harshness in the punishment would deter crimes and also bring justice to the victim’s family. However, during the 20th centuary, there were concerns questioning the necessity of the death penalty.One of the controversial execution is of Derek Bentley, who was accused of murder and was executed as a result. On Sunday the 2nd November 1952, Bentley, aged 19, and Christopher Craig, aged 16 broke into a London Warehouse, intending to commite the crime of burglary. The arrival of the police at the scene sbotaged their intention and their plan to escape through the roof.In panic Criag shot one of the police, PC Sidney and killed him consequently. Eventhough both Craig and Bentley were charged with murder, it was only Bentley who was executed as Craig was under 18 and a law which was passed in 1933 stating that people under 18 could no longter be hanged restrained the execution of Craig. But the public’s concern was: was the exceution of Bentely fair at all? Since Bentley was known to have learning difficulties and had the mental age of 11, the local people though the execution was utterly unfair. In addition, Bentley didn’t own any weapon nor he pulled the trigger and shot the officer. This strongly suggests the injustice that’s in his execution and the poepl’s denail against it. This particular exceution changed many people’s attitudes toward Capital punishment overwhelmingly. People had gathered outside Wandsworth jail, where they showed great sympathy by singing and praying for him and also were protesting against the decision of the execution. Also, a petion of 200 members asking for the mercy of Bentley was passed around, to which the government showed no remorse to. Many pointed out that the mental age of Bentley is younger than Craig’s and this led to these protests against the useage of Capital punishment. To conclude, Bentley’s execution was one of the principal elements that has been the cause to abolish the Capital punishment and changed many people’s views as  it was inquitable to sentence someone with mental disabilities and who had not even committed murder to death.

John Smith’s Letter to the Queen

John Smith's 1616 Letter to Queen Anne of Great Britain: Most admired Queen, The love I bear my God, my King and country, hath so oft emboldened me in the worst of extreme dangers, that now honesty doth constrain me to presume thus far beyond myself, to present your Majesty this short discourse: if ingratitude be a deadly poison to all honest virtues, I must be guilty of that crime if I should omit any means to be thankful.So it is, that some ten years ago being in Virginia, and taken prisoner by the power of Powhatan their chief King, I received from this great Salvage exceeding great courtesy, especially from his son Nantaquaus, the most manliest, comeliest, boldest spirit, I ever saw in a Salvage, and his sister Pocahontas, the Kings most dear and well-beloved daughter, being but a child of twelve or thirteen years of age, whose compassionate pitiful heart, of my desperate estate, gave me much cause to respect her: I being the first Christian this proud King and his grim attendant s ever saw: and thus enthralled in their barbarous power, I cannot say I felt the least occasion of want that was in the power of those my mortal foes to prevent, notwithstanding all their threats. After some six weeks fatting amongst those Salvage courtiers, at the minute of my execution, she hazarded the beating out of her own brains to save mine; and not only that, but so prevailed with her father, that I was safely conducted to Jamestown: where I found about eight and thirty miserable poor and sick creatures, to keep possession of all those large territories of Virginia; such was the weakness of this poor commonwealth, as had the salvages not fed us, we directly had starved. And this relief, most gracious Queen, was commonly brought us by this Lady Pocahontas.Notwithstanding all these passages, when inconstant fortune turned our peace to war, this tender virgin would still not spare to dare to visit us, and by her our jars have been oft appeased, and our wants still supplied; we re it the policy of her father thus to employ her, or the ordinance of God thus to make her his instrument, or her extraordinary affection to our nation, I know not: but of this I am sure; when her father with the utmost of his policy and power, sought to surprise me, having but eighteen with me, the dark night could not affright her from coming through the irksome woods, and with watered eyes gave me intelligence, with her best advice to escape his fury; which had he known, he had surely slain her. Jamestown with her wild train she as freely frequented, as her fathers habitation; and during the time of two or three years, she next under God, was still the instrument to preserve this colony from death, famine and utter confusion; which if in those times, had once been dissolved, Virginia might have lain as it was at our first arrival to this day.Since then, this business having been turned and varied by many accidents from that I left it at: it is most certain, after a long and trou blesome war after my departure, betwixt her father and our colony; all which time she was not heard of. About two years after she herself was taken prisoner, being so detained near two years longer, the colony by that means was relieved, peace concluded; and at last rejecting her barbarous condition, she was married to an English Gentleman, with whom at this present she is in England; the first Christian ever of that Nation, the first Virginian ever spoke English, or had a child in marriage by an Englishman: a matter surely, if my meaning be truly considered and well understood, worthy a Princes understanding.Thus, most gracious Lady, I have related to your Majesty, what at your best leisure our approved Histories will account you at large, and done in the time of your Majesty's life; and however this might be presented you from a more worthy pen, it cannot from a more honest heart, as yet I never begged anything of the state, or any: and it is my want of ability and her exceeding d esert; your birth, means, and authority; her birth, virtue, want and simplicity, doth make me thus bold, humbly to beseech your Majesty to take this knowledge of her, though it be from one so unworthy to be the reporter, as myself, her husbands estate not being able to make her fit to attend your Majesty.The most and least I can do, is to tell you this, because none so oft hath tried it as myself, and the rather being of so great a spirit, however her stature: if she should not be well received, seeing this Kingdom may rightly have a Kingdom by her means; her present love to us and Christianity might turn to such scorn and fury, as to divert all this good to the worst of evil; whereas finding so great a Queen should do her some honor more than she can imagine, for being so kind to your servants and subjects, would so ravish her with content, as endear her dearest blood to effect that, your Majesty and all the Kings honest subjects most earnestly desire. And so I humbly kiss your gra cious hands, Captain John Smith, 1616 Related essay: â€Å"Co Curricular Activities Letter†

Homeland Security Essay

1. Who should be responsible for protecting the public from online identity theft? Why? There is no real answer to this question. Except In my opinion the government should be responsible from protecting the public from online identity theft. I say this because there are certain things that should be monitored. Not the social websites or websites you go into and play games. The government should monitor when people go to certain websites such as Bank of America or Wells Fargo. These websites should be monitored (no more such as when you login you can see your username and password no) they should be monitored in a way to where your bank statements can be kept on track from day to day. 2. Should laws be changed to stop it, or should consumers change behavior? Consumers should change their behavior from time to time if needed be. There are laws that have stopped Identity theft. One of which is The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. This law makes it illegal for anyone to distribute or computer code or place it in the stream of commerce. There are many other different laws on Identity theft. Some of which are on a website. 3. What is an appropriate punishment for identity thieves? Considering the expense and problems associated with the crime, it should be addressed as a on less than a felony offense, regardless of the monetary amount of money or goods involved. 4. Given the international nature of the internet, how should foreign identity thieves be handled? There really is no way to handle foreign identity thieves unless they are caught by the police or government first. If by chance they were to be caught, it should be addressed as a felony offense given the fact that they logged into someone’s personal information, which should account on Substantive Due Process. Which is the right to privacy.

Ann's bad AIM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ann's bad AIM - Essay Example Thereafter, the rogue laptop disappeared. As a forensic investigator, the Stuff reported this matter to me seeking some help. In this investigation I must therefore find who Ann was IM-ing, whatever she sent and also recover evidence including the following: In this investigation I am basically dealing with a pcap file and must find a way to extract the information in it first before proceeding with the investigation further. Normally there are several ways of extracting information from pcaps. Black Bytes (2012) explores some of the most commonly used four ways to extract the information. First there is the Wireshark: http export, in this case a list of all files found in all the http requests are presented. The second tool is the Wireshark: export bytes, with respect to the protocol, you are obliged to drill down in the packed you want in order to find this. The third one is the Network Miner which mainly focuses on forensics analysis. The last tool presented by Black Bites is the Chaosreader. It is a tool that analyzes and extracts session information as well as files, it then creates html report that opens in any browser. Then next thing is the identification of Anns host IP connection. This is something I already know to be 192.168.1.158, when pcap file is filtered with tshark, we can possibly view the hosts that Ann communicated to. This is achievable through the command â€Å"tshark -r evidence.pcap -R" at the terminal. It is important to note that Anne communicated with two hosts one being a local host who is indubitably the intruder about the other an internet host. In my case the IP addresses for the hosts resulted from the simulation. In order to find out who the internet host is we use the "whos" command at the terminal. Ann communicated with someone via the IM program. We could possibly assume that the IM program is an AIM client, a suggestion that can be

International competitiveness and competitive advantage Essay

International competitiveness and competitive advantage - Essay Example The current state of the global economy development and evolution along with the increasing tendency of its competitiveness is known to be related, primarily, with increasing of the competitiveness of its businesses, the loss of which in the course of economic reforms proved the most significant shortcomings. The success of the identifying and forming objectives the competitive advantage are called to improve the industrial competitiveness companies. This fact, however, makes them more dependent on the level of development of methodological approaches to the establishment and effective functioning of the competitive advantage in general.In accordance with the world practice, the market relations represent the interconnected solution to these problems. The use of these principles guarantees the increase of the competitiveness of the enterprises. The main areas of competitive advantage of the organization's security are concentration of resources for the company to predict the actions of competitors, holding the initiative in the competition, software resource potential to achieve the goals, development flexible planning firms in the market. The competitive advantage that in specific markets determines various competitors is a significant factor in climate, or the competitive situation on the commodity market. Competitive advantage is defined a set of characteristics, properties of the product or brand that creates for the company definite advantage over its direct competitors.

Electron Beam Lithography Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Electron Beam Lithography - Lab Report Example The linewidth has a directly proportional linear relation with the dosage provided. Lower dosage results in a decrease of linewidth; though at very low quantities, line discontinuity dominates. The relation that defines Line Dose is- Therefore, a change in line dose (which in turn affects linewidth) can be brought about by altering the beam current, dwell time or line step-size (with the last one being inversely proportional to linewidth values). The thickness of Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), which is often used as a resist in EBL, also has a linearly proportional relation with linewidth (Deng et al 2005). A reduction in PMMA thickness thins down the linewidth, and this can be done by either diluting the PMMA using Chlorobenzene, or using A series PMMA (in Anisole). Pattern resolution is primarily limited by either aberrations, or space charge. Furthermore, the feature resolution limit is determined by the forward scattering (effective beam broadening) in the resist, and the pitch resolution limit is determined by the secondary electron travel in the resist (Broers et al 1996). Reducing the beam spot size results in a decrease of the linewidth. The beam spot size is determined by two factors - the beam current (I), and the numerical aperture () - and hence, linewidth is also affected when a change is brought about in any of these factors.

Teamwork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Teamwork - Essay Example Teamwork In organizations in which cohesiveness is present within team settings the members of the team display greater motivation. These employees value the time they spend with their co-workers. There is a lower employee turnover and lower absenteeism in companies with cohesive team units. A cohesive team unit is not achieved overnight; it takes time for employees to build trust in each other. It is more likely to cohesiveness to manifest itself when group members are similar in age, attitudes, needs and backgrounds (Schermerhorn, et al. 2003, p.202). Another factor that is favorable to achieve cohesiveness is to creating small size teams. The optimum size of a team is between four and seven members (Yeatts & Hyten, 1998). When a group is too big it becomes difficult to the member to build close relationships with each other, thus cohesiveness is harder to achieve. Creating cohesiveness within a team is important, but from an organizational perspective cohesiveness is only attractive if it enables the firm to a higher work performance. A way to determine if cohesiveness is adding value to a company is by measuring the match of cohesiveness with performance norms. If a specific work team has a high degree of cohesiveness, but the performance of the team has not improved over time or has declined then it is possible that cohesiveness is having a negative impact on the work output of the team unit.

Discuss the relevance of psychological models to explain some of the Essay

Discuss the relevance of psychological models to explain some of the barriers to the implementation and maintenance of exercise in the field of exercise for health - Essay Example The Transtheoretical Model (TTM; Prochaska & DiClemente, 1982, p. 83) has been used to facilitate positive behaviour change towards physical activity. The model is a combination of stages of change, self-efficacy, temptation, decisional balance and processes of change. The first stage, the stage of change, has been widely adopted by health and fitness professionals to help individuals move through the six theoretical stages: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination with a positive outcome (progression) or negative outcome (relapse). In the pre-contemplation stage the individual is not identifying the need for an exercise programme within the next 6 months. While smoothly moving to the next stage - the contemplation, the individual has begun to form an idea about exercising and eventually initiates it within the next 6 months. The preparation stage involves planning to start exercising within the next 60 days. The action period represents the first 6 months after commencing the exercise programme. In the maintenance stage a sustained exercise programme is developed which lasts no more than 6 months. The termination of the exercise program would mean that the individual has successfully changed his/her behaviour and consolidated the life-style in accordance with it. According to Prochaska & Velicer (1997) the termination stage is when an individual has embedded in himself/herself in an exercise behaviour for more than five years and has no desire for temptations and a maintains a robust self-efficacy for a health y lifestyle. There is a possibility for a relapse phase to appear. The relapse can happen during any one of the enumerated stages. The relapse results in returning of the individual to the previous stage. According to Bandura (1997) it is vital for a theoretical stage model

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 45

Case Study - Essay Example In response to the second question, granulocytosisis a condition that occurs when there are too many granulocytes in the blood. Granulocytes form and mature in the bone marrow and their role is to attack foreign matter causing inflammation or infection. An increase in granulocytes occurs in response to infections, blood cell malignancies, and some autoimmune diseases. One main cause of granulocytosis is bone marrow disorders.A high white blood cell count is usually an indicator of infection or disease. Granulocytosis is one type of high white blood cell count. (April Kahn) I think the most likely cause for the man’s illness and death was a condition called encephalitis. On the morning of June 4, the patient had symptoms of confusion, disorientation, and lack of reflexes. Some of these symptoms indicate not severe encephalitis while others indicate severe and emergency encephalitis. However, it is worth noting that the patient’s neck was supple. In most cases of encephalitis, there is stiffness of the neck and the back in adults and stiffness if the whole body in babies. (Aksamit) Only occasionally does it happen that the neck and the back are supple such as in this case. Encephalitis which is an infection of the brain might have caused infections in the cerebrospinal system. These infections then might have subsequently caused infection of the bone marrow so causing it to produce more granulocytes and hence the earlier diagnosis of Granulocytosis as well as elevated protein levels prior to his death. Another symptom to this case was the increased abnormal activity which was another clear indication. (New York Times) A serology test and brain biopsy could be used to confirm encephalitis.Serology is a blood test to detect the presence of antibodies against a microorganism.Brain Biopsy involves surgical removal of brain tissue for testing for the

Memo of intent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Memo of intent - Essay Example My thesis statement will be analysis of technology as a driver of innovation in the hotel industry explains the notable hotel success. The focus of my research will rest squarely on technology as a driver of innovation, investigating, technology for customer’s engagement, hospitality systems and customer’s check-ins and checkouts. My three broad headings will be innovation in customer engagement, quality hospitality systems and fast customer check in and check out. My research seeks to investigate contribution of technology in enabling a high level of service in the hotel industry, the new challenges presented in the industry. This undertaking also seeks to address whether technology is efficient and effective when used for real customer engagement, appreciating customers accustomed to online space conducting online transactions for instance advance bookings. According to Ray, soon new central reservations and PMS facilities will be cloud based, improving hospitality systems. Fast check-in and checkouts by customers is an essential function in the hotel industry. Hotel industry also embraces the socia l media sites as strategic communication points (Mattsson, 2009). Technological innovation reduces the time take for check process. I intend to use the article on technology driving innovation in the hotel industry, innovative hotel check-ins by Charles Gandee, 2010. Technology is the lifeblood of innovation in the hotel industry making check-ins experience more personalized more technology compliant and seamless (Mattsson, 2009). Advanced technology means high cost for most average hotels. I will be glad to discus with you following any direction you

Ethics and Business Corruption. Siemens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics and Business Corruption. Siemens - Essay Example In this incident, Nick Lesson lost over $1.3 billion through engaging in speculative investments targeting future contracts while operating in the bank’s office in Singapore. The different business ethics theories will be evaluated with a reflection of these two scandals to evaluate to what extent the malpractices can be related to the theories. These include the theories of Utilitarianism, Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, Shareholder value theory VS stakeholder theory and egoism among other theories (Slater, 2008). The unethical behavior in the Siemens saga with the Greece government involved advanced levels of corruption and bribery affecting both the two parties. Siemens advanced bribes of over $100 million to the government official’s in order to be awarded the contracts in the short run and secure a chance to control the country’s electronic market. Virtues and ethical reasoning places a lot of consideration on a person’s individual character to chose the best way of performing a task in a way devoid of ethical issues. Utilitarian ethical theory compares the cost benefits ratio of a given management decision with the benefits that can be derived from such with little or no cost impacts (Matussek, 2008). This theory however does not comprehensively evaluate the situation within Siemens as it considers the gains of the decision. Any actions made by the management of the company thus affect the ethical values of the people and erodes the public confidence in it. The manage rs’ value according to this theory serves as model to other employees of the organization (Dietz and Nicole, 2012). The actions taken by a single individual can also be analysed using the utilitarianism theory to help weigh whether the consequences can be bad or good. Such an angle can be used to critically evaluate the events of baring bank and how the actions of Leeson led to the death and closure of one of London’s best merchant banks. The actions of Leeson can be considered as foreclosure as he preempted the value of contracts and invested in them hoping to raise more benefits from such an action (Mitchell, 2000). Leeson’s actions when considered in isolation can be shown as an example of utilitarian as foreclosure in this situation caused more damage and pain as compared to foreclosing. Foreclosing can however be considered as the ethical behavior of banks as they rely on this to lend money to customers and make gains from the refunds. The action of Leeson provided less social good to the business and the stakeholders and is thus considered as unethical based on utilitarian theory (Slater, 2008). The main source of unethical allegations that were levied against Siemens stemmed from lack of proper knowledge of international ethical code of conduct. Most of these claims involved Russia and Siemens German, reflecting the different social backgrounds of the two countries as highlighted in the utilitarianism theory. Bribery is considered highly unethical because it does not provide equal opportunities for other players in the industry. This applies to the German culture, a situation which cannot be reflected in Russia (Becker, 2009). This bribery case was handled by the securities and exchange commission of the United States in 2007 due to a scheme in which a $1 billion government contract in Argentina was cancelled due to the cases of bribery. This case was also blamed on the

Child Abuse Essay Example for Free

Child Abuse Essay Child abuse is any emotional, sexual, or physical mistreatment, as well as neglect of a child. Some countries may vary in their definition of the term. In the USA. The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) defines child abuse as child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child. A UK guidance Working Together to Safeguard Children 2010 (1. 33-1.36) says that there are four types of child abuse: Emotional abuse Sexual abuse Physical abuse Neglect Although the UK guidance does not specifically mention bullying as a form of abuse, the countrys authorities say that there is compelling evidence that it is abuse, and will invariably include at least one of the four abuse categories defined. Child abuse can happen anywhere, in the childs home, school, community or other organizations, environments or places. What is physical abuse? Physical abuse may include, as defined in the UK and most other European Union countries: Burning Drowning Hitting Poisoning Scalding Shaking Suffocating Throwing When a parent/caregiver fabricates a symptom in a child When a parent/caregiver induces an illness in a child deliberately ..and any other type of physical harm to a child Some countries specifically define the following, as forms of physical abuse (some overlap those listed above) Belting, Biting, Blinding a person or causing impairment of sight, Cutting or  otherwise exposing somebody to something sharp, Drowning, Excessive pinching on the body, Exposure to a dangerous animal, Exposure to a toxic substance, Exposure to cold, freezing, Exposure to electric shock, Exposure to heat or radiation, Burning, Head-butting, Infecting with a disease, Kicking, Kneeing, Placing in stress positions (tied or otherwise forced), Poisoning, Punching, Pushing, pulling, Slapping, Sleep deprivation, Stabbing, Strangling, Striking with an object, Striking, Throwing acid in someones face, Throwing or shooting a projectile, Tickling non-consensually, Tripping, Whipping, Withholding food or medication. In a growing number of countries, using corporal punishment as a form of imposing or teaching discipline, is seen as a form of physical child abuse.

Dual Route Model in Adult Reading

Dual Route Model in Adult Reading Introduction Dual route model is the study that defines the changes in the mode of interpreting printed words to sound. Therefore dual route model is associated with the study of reading and spelling and the various assumptions that arise out of the investigation. These assumptions highlight the fact that the processing of the written language is always accomplished by two separate methods called the lexical and non-lexical routes. These two methods are interactive in nature. Reading and spelling in the lexical method always depends on the creation of word specific orthographic and phonological memory representation. All the current models of word recognition are based on either the dual route models or connectionist theories. The way a word recognition model accounts for different types of reading behaviours, is the word of success of every model. The dual model theory has withstood most of the tests associated with reading behaviours. However some psychologists do not agree with this theory, instead they suggest a combination of dual as well as other models for deriving positive results in the field of reading behaviours. A number of psychologists have researched in this field and published their results. Prominent among them is the study reports of Coltheart and Bates, who have demonstrated that an equation derived from dual-route theory accurately predicts reading performance in young normal readers with reading impairment due to developmental dyslexia or stroke. Studies conducted by John Marshal also have much significance. Marshal concentrated on the fact that the method of skilled reading can be used, particularly the dual route model, for interpreting acquired dyslexia as well as developmental dyslexia. The basic concept of the dual model explains that non words and irregular words are two independent routes that lead from the written word to the noise. There is also the direct access route which is also known as the lexical route. This route deals with the pronunciation of irregular words. In this method reading is always continued through the lexicon for the purpose of pronouncing words correctly. Then there is the Grapheme phoneme conversion route which is also called the sub lexical route. In this route reading is continued without accessing the lexicon. All regular words and irregular words should be read from the lexicon, this is the suggestion given by the dual route model. A strong judgement in this regard is that the steadiness of the word always effects the periods it takes to name it. Moreover there is also a relation with its rate of recurrence. Low recurring words are more affected than high recurring words. Some words having the same frequency are not made similar, particularly inconsistent words. Moreover regular words are sometimes pronounced irregularly. According to experts a simple dual route model cannot explain all these outcomes. A dual route model can be used for the prediction of real words though the lexican route. However we can see that steadiness, rate of recurrence and uniformity effects reaction times. The suggestion that non words are read by the GPC route is not correct. Strong findings suggest that non words processing s are affected by the lexicon. Previous normal reading process of a person is affected by the impact of acquired dyslexia the affected person will suffer some kind of a shock in the left side of his brain. In this case the dual route model predicts a double disassociation. With respect to surface dyslexia, a person makes over regularisation mistakes for irregular words. The person can read words and non words if they are regular. The person will not show any case of image ability. This is due to the fact that the route remains undamaged. Another type of dyslexia which is commonly found is the Phonological dyslexia. In this situation, patients are poor to read non words. Moreover real words are easily read. Experts suggest that, here the GPC route may be damaged and the lexical route is undamaged. It is often argued that the Phonological dyslexia and the surface dyslexia are separate. They do not associate themselves. Therefore the dual route model is supported. But in other types of dyslexia the situation can be more complicated. Another type of dyslexia is the deep dyslexia. This type is characterised by poor reading of non words, semantic reading mistakes for real words, and problems associated with the GPC route. Moreover the patients under this category have an injury to a system which usually allows them to read through a semantic system. This type of dyslexia cannot be regarded as a syndrome. But in some circumstances it has to be regarded because evidences support it. Another point of argument about this type of dyslexia is that it may be a result of reading using the right hemisphere of the brain. There are assumptions that this type of dyslexia is a syndrome which is caused by a wound in the left hemisphere. If that is correct then the conclusion should be that reading is possible through semantic system in such a way that the dual route model cannot be taken into account. According to psychologist Knight R.A from his journal article titled, Language, history and use, there are alternatives to the dual route model also. They are the three routes model, Analogy theories and the Connectionist models. In the three route model, the lexical route is split into GPC route, the route through lexicon and the route direct from the lexicon. Analogy theories are single route theories. a major drawback of this theory is that it is sometimes unpredictable regarding the pronunciation of non words. The connectionist models are single route theories where there is no storage for individual words. The drawback of this model is that it also fails to predict the pronunciation of non words (Knight, Language History and Use). The dual route model has become a standard model for both normal as well as abnormal reading of adults. There is very strong evidence that there is twofold disassociation of phonological and surface dyslexia in the dual route model. The dual route model had assumptions that the conversion of grapheme-phoneme depends on a theoretical set of rules which is similar to the plans in a logical system. Other models of normal and abnormal reading development were developed on the basis of the dual route model of mature reading. The dual route theory is a very comprehensive theory. It explains both normal and abnormal adult reading and as well as normal and abnormal reading development (Pennington, 2002, p.292). In the semantic system, spoken as well as written words always turn on mechanically the matching theoretical representations. All familiar words used whether they are customary or non customary can be processed through the lexical route. This is possible in terms of their letter indicated by sound relationships. However the non lexical route makes use of the sub word level process which is based on the sound- spelling association rules success of non lexical route always depends on non words and regular words that is always associated with the English phoneme grapheme conversion laws but when there is irregular words which does not obey these set of rules, it fails to produce a correct response. All the efforts undertaken to read or write through non lexical method can result in regularization mistakes. Studies by psychologists Rapcsak, Henry and others revealed that dual route model contains purposeful mechanisms that are exclusive to both the lexical and the non lexical routes but no one can say that the two procedures are totally independent. Dual route theory always maintains that lexical route will help in delivering a true response for irregular words. The non lexical route is essential for the reading and spelling of non words correctly. For the interpretation of the written language of persons having acquired alexia / agraphia, dual route models have provided a powerful hypothetical structure. It is possible to identify the damaged cognitive module of neurological patients by specifying the practical architecture of the written language processing system. For example, the destruction that is caused to the lexical route will give rise to surface dyslexia distinguished by disproportionate complexity in reading and spelling irregular words. However damage to the non lexical route will result in phonological dyslexia, distinguished by very poor reading and spelling of non words. Apart from all these applications, dual route theory can also be used for producing quantitative predictions related to reading and spelling. It is possible to predict the accuracy of a persons and the performance on irregular words as well as non words. The basic concept of dual route models is that using lexical method irregular words can only be read correctly whereas by using non lexical strategy non words can be read correctly. The capability of lexical and non lexical routes are proved when a person will be able read accurately proportions of irregular words. According to dual route theory, both the lexical and non lexical route can process regular words and therefore the accuracy of reading can be predicted (Rapcsak, Henry, Teague, Carnahan Beeson. 2007. p.2519-2524) A study conducted by John marshal, another renowned psychologist in the year 1984 clearly emphasised that the fact that the method of skilled reading can be used, particularly the dual route model, for interpreting acquired dyslexia as well as developmental dyslexia. This claim became controversial and many other researchers argued that the dual model is quite in appropriate in the way to understand development in reading and developmental disorders in reading. However further research in this area by psychologists Castles, Bates Coltheart revealed that John Marshals claim was true (Castles, Bates Coltheart. 2006. pp. 871-892 (22)). Many researches have been undertaken for checking the effectiveness of dual route model. The dual route cognitive models of reading assume that the lexical and sub lexical routes are functionally different processes. Researchers Joubert, Beauregard and others have tested this hypothesis by using three experimental conditions. One of them was lexical and the other two were sub lexical. Frequent words represented the lexical condition whereas in the first sub lexical condition was represented by non words made of low frequency sub lexical units. These words did not resemble real words. Rare and regular words consist of the second condition. Comparisons were made between these reading tasks with a baseline condition which consisted of consonant string viewing. Moreover silent pronunciation of one or two of these consonants was also done along with this process. By analysing the results of this experiment it was found that the lexical condition which consisted of regular words generates many different peaks of activations in the border area of the left super marginal region. Whereas the other two sub lexical tasks were engaged always in the area of the left prefrontal inferior cortex (Joubert, Beauregard, Walter, Bourgouin, Beaudoin, Leroux, et al. 2004. p. 9-20). Renowned psychologists Hanley and Gard advocated that developmental surface dyslexia appears in adults. They took reading and spelling tests on two adult students and the results varied. Both these adults were affected significantly by spelling regularity. The psychologists arrived at the conclusion that the irregular words are harder to study that difficult ones, therefore a person is forced on to depend on lexical strategy during the course of reading (Funnel. 2000. P.138). The dual route models have always come under attack in recent years the theories framed by dual route experts are not always effective in adults. Most of the criticisms in the dual route model have come in the field of adult readings. As a result of criticisms levelled against dual route models, connectionists models were developed (Treiman. 1993. p.34) Studies made on languages which were opaque suggested that the lexical and non lexical processing consists of independent routes. Where as in the case of transparent languages, there is no strong evidence for independent routes. The dual route in transparent languages like in opaque languages has created an arena for discussion. By studying the neurologically damaged patients who are unable to read unknown words or non words, the existence of these routes can be seen clearly (Plasencia, Dorado Serrano. 2008. p. 48 -54). According to a study conducted by two well known psychologists, Castles and Coltheart, process deficit models of disability became popular due to the developmental problems associated with reading disability associated with brain damages. The reasons for the popularity of the process models is because of the simplicity of its framework moreover the approach of a process deficit model gives a basis for a logic of instructions stuck by the strength and weakness of the readers. But unfortunately many researches have failed to provide evidences that support process models. The fact stated in the process model that disabled readers can be categorized into distinct types and the diagnosing task of distinguishing disabled readers from the poor readers has no supportive evidence (New Directions in Research, 2006). In another experiment by Bertelson, two hypotheses were tested with relation to the development of access towards lexical meaning. They were initial indirect access and initial direct access. Conclusive proof relating to the testing pointed out that these hypotheses were not strongly supported. And it also recommended that the direct and indirect access could be used for early reading. The involvement of these procedures always changed during its course of development. The previous assumption about standard dual model was that both accesses assumed the basic theoretical tests, went wrong. Based on evidence derived from these tests, the standard dual route model was always criticised. Instead of the standard dual model, a single model was found suitable (Bertelson, 1987. p.113). The dual route cascaded model is a computational model related to visual word recognition and loud reading. It is the only computational model that is used to perform the two tasks i.e., lexical reading and aloud reading. The DRC model has its own limitations. A common claim attributed to this model is that it can explain everything. But this claim becomes false as far as the case of reading aloud and visual lexical decision is concerned. With various paradigms that are masked, facts suggest that phonological properties of very temporarily presented stimuli can influence performance in reading aloud and lexical decision tasks. The dual route cascading model or the DRC model is used for pronunciation computing from print through lexical and non lexical procedures. Non words cannot be read correctly under the lexical procedure because they are not present in the lexicons. (World Recognition Process in Reading. 2005). Many studies have been undertaken to prove the effectiveness of the dual models. In one study done by psychologists Basso, Burgio and Prandoni, of the neurological clinic, Milan University, a group consisting of 21 people were selected having specific disorders and treated with a dual route model. Another group consisting of 23 persons were treated with methods using single route models. By comparing the treated patients from both the groups, it was found that the first group treated with the dual method showed significant improvement than the second group in many areas. But the benefits received from reading of isolated words, homophones etc did not improve the reading of passages. This suggested that treatments using dual models should include exercises containing passages or sentences (Tressoldi. 2000). In another test, persons who did not have previous knowledge about French were asked to learn 12 French words. After getting their representations, they were given pictures and were asked to write the baseline. This experiment was repeated for three times. After 10 minutes these pictures were presented again and were asked to write words. After a week, these participants were again requested to do the same exercise. The results showed significant difference. The out come was that when irregular orthographic representations are acquired, it is supported by knowledge of orthographic representations (BASSO, BURGIO, PRANDONI. 1999.p.405-412). Arguments against dual route model theories. Connectionist modelling techniques have spawned the debate between single and dual route accounts of the cognitive process. The necessity of dual route processing accounts in the psychology of the language has been questioned by connectionists models. Some psychologists have also suggested that a single route model is enough for the learning of past tense formations and idiosyncratic formations which are rule based. It is also sufficient to learn rule based method of pronunciations and idiosyncratic pronunciations. Basically there are two types of criticisms that are levelled against the dual route models. The first one is that morphology is the rule which directs association of the bilinguals lexical representations. It is argued that morphology can alone produce clear effects of independence in a sole undifferentiated structure. The second criticisms said about the dual model are that the word recognition in one language may be assisted if it is similar to a word in another language. Connectionist modelling techniques have spawned the debate between single and dual route accounts of the cognitive process. The necessity of dual route processing accounts in the psychology of the language has been questioned by connectionists models. Some psychologists have also suggested that a single route model is enough for the learning of past tense formations and idiosyncratic formations which are rule based is also sufficient to learn rule based method of pronunciations and idiosyncratic pronunciations. There are also other types of criticisms that are levelled against the dual route models. The first one is that morphology is the rule which directs association of the bilinguals lexical representations. It is argued that morphology can alone produce clear effects of independence in a sole undifferentiated structure. The second criticism said about the dual model is that when motivations show some kind of resemblance between two languages, the necessity of word recognition arises. Moreover cross language meddling is found even though there is clear proof for independence of lexical presentations (Thomas, Bilingualism and the Single route). Conclusions Connectionists theories have originated as a result of the debate between single and dual route models in the area of language processing. The debate between single route and dual route has often arisen when the necessity of postulation of a rule based processing mechanism that would motivate aspects of cognition. The fundamental problem here is that all rules have exceptions and all processors based on rules should have an exception mechanism to accompany it. The other side of this debate between dual and single model is that whether there is necessity to postulate one or two realistic processing mechanisms to motivate a given cognitive ability. Dual routes are not effective in all areas, particularly in the field of bilingual word recognition. To those areas where dual theories are insignificant, it is wise to work with connectionists models which are regarded as an exiting prospect. Single route models when compared with dual route models should overcome many hurdles to get accepted. However they can be used in situations where dual route models fail to produce results. The single route models always characterise stimulus response compatibility effects to the difficulty of transaction from stimulus to response whereas dual route models suggest that compatibility effects reveal in part an extra direct or routine creation route. In consistency is one of the major drawbacks suffered by these models. Form the outcomes of studies undertaken; it is evident that the DRC model can stimulate the reading aloud task as well as the lexical decision task. The stimulation given by the DRC model to these tasks cannot be matched by any other models. Therefore the DRC model is regarded as the most successful computational model discovered so far in the field of reading behaviors. Nowadays word recognition models are constructed on the basis of dual route as well as connectionist models. Dual route has its own advantages and limitations in adult reading. In cases where dual method is not effective, connectionists models can be used. Or a combined format can be used. Combination of these two models will always give satisfactory results in word reading. (Shinoda. 2005). References BASSO, A. , BURGIO, F. PRANDONI, P. 1999. Acquisition of output irregular orthographic representations in normal adults: An experimental study. Retrieved from http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=0B6AC8EC3378DCD2C42DFE0963CBF5B3.tomcat1?fromPage=onlineaid=49571 on August 23, 2008. Bertelson, P. 1987. The Onset of Literacy. Cambridge: MIT Press. Castles, A.,Bates, T., Coltheart, M. 2006. John Marshall and the developmental dyslexias. Aphasiology, Volume 20, Numbers 9-11, -11 pp. 871-892(22). Retrieved from http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/psych/paph/2006/00000020/F0030009/art00004;jsessionid=kldvo0vfe03v.alice?format=print on August 22, 2008. Funnel, E. 2000. Case Studies in the Neuropsychology of Reading. London: Psychology Press. Joubert, S., Beauregard, M., Walter, N., Bourgouin, P., Beaudoin, G., Leroux, J.M. et al. 2004. Brain and Language . Vol. 89 9-20. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com Knight R.A. Language History and Use Psycholinguistics. Retrieved from http://www.rachaelanne.co.uk/teaching/psych/reading_03_HO.doc on August 22, 2008. New Directions in Research. A Transactional Perspective on Reading Difficulties and Response to Intervention. 2006. Retrieved from http://www.reading.org/Library/Retrieve.cfm?D=10.1598/RRQ.41.1.7F=RRQ-41-1-McEneaney_2.html on August 23, 2008. Pennington, B.F. 2002.The Development of Psychopathology. New York. Guliford Press. Plasencia, P.M., Dorado, J.I. Serrano, J.M. 2008. Evidence for Linguistic Deficit in Nonlexical Processing in Reading. A Study of a Spanish-Speaking Patient. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, Vol.11, No.1, 48 -54. Retrieved from http://www.ucm.es/info/Psi/docs/journal/v11_n1_2008/art48.pdf on August 23, 2008. Rapcsak S.Z, Henry M.L, Teague,S.L., Carnahan,S.D. Beeson,P.M. June 18, 2007. Do Dual- Route Models Accurately Predict Reading and Spelling Performance in Individuals with Acquired Alexia and Agraphia? Neuropsychologia Vol. 45(11): 2519-2524. Retrieved from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1988783 on August 21, 2008. Shinoda, K.2005. Speaker adaptation techniques for speech recognition using probabilistic models. Retrieved from http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/110546421/abstract on August 23, 2008. Thomas, M.S.C. Bilingualism and the Single route / Dual route debate. Retrieved from http://www.psyc.bbk.ac.uk/people/academic/thomas_m/Thomas_Cogsci98.doc on August 22, 2008. Treiman, R. 1993. Beginning to Spell. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press, US Tressoldi, P.E. 2000. Treatment of Specific Developmental Reading Disorders, Derived from Single- and Dual-Route Models. Retrieved from http://ldx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/33/3/278 on August 23, 2008. World Recognition Process in Reading. 2005. Retrieved from http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Content_store/Sample_chapter/9781405114882/Snowling_sample_chapter1.pdf on August 23, 2008.

History and Hypothesis of Stonehenge and Easter Island

History and Hypothesis of Stonehenge and Easter Island Stonehenge is a set of earthworks and an ancient monument located in Wiltshire, England. It is considered the most famous and visited site in the world and is one of the mysteries in the world which has never been revealed. However, many people have created numerous myths and fables to explain mysteries behind it. Despite the numerous myths and fables, there has been limited information regarding Stonehenges creation/development. Most researchers and theorists refer to it as a stone monument, a giant or ancient megalith. Archeologist Mike Parker Pearson has proposed a number of hypothesis regarding Stonehenge and its surrounding. He indicated that Stonehenge was used as a burial ground from historical beginnings. In other words, Stonehenge represented a place of the dead. The cremated remains found at the site acted as evidence and they indicated that burials took place at the site as early as 3000 BC (Gargen 112). Mike Pearson further indicated that the placement of artifacts and graves around Stonehenge provided good evidence that the site was reserved as a domain of the dead. New radiocarbon dates of human remains dug from the ancient Stonehenge in Southwest England indicate that the monument was used as a cemetery. Initially, archeologists had believed that Stonehenge had acted as burial grounds as early as 2700 and 2600 BC (Gargen 114). People buried at Stonehenge were believed to have been the elite of the surrounding society; an early royal British dynasty. This hypothesis appears to be scientific due to the evidence provided by new radio carbon dates of human remains found in the monument. Parker Pearson also held the hypotheses that Stonehenge was a centre for ancestor worship that was connected by River Avon and two other ceremonial avenues to a matching wooden circle near Durrington Walls. The reason as to why he held the hypotheses is due to the large settlements of houses found nearby Stonehenge. This reinforced his belief that both the settlement and Stonehenge created a part of a large ancient ceremonial complex. He went ahead and indicated that the two circles with permanent and temporary structures made a clear representation of the living and the dead domains respectively. He also pointed out that the orientation of the stone circle pointed to sunrise and sunset on key seasonal dates which clearly indicated it was a place of ceremony. On his hypotheses, Mike Pearson stated that Stonehenge was not a monument in isolation; rather it was actually one of a pair implying that it was made of both stone and timber. The theory behind this is that Stonehenge is a type of spirit home to the ancestors. This hypothesis appears to be pseudo-scientific since there is no scientific evidence behind it. Reference Gargen, Josphath. Theories behind Stonehenge. 2nd ed. New York: New York Press, 2003. 2 B) Describe the basic cultural features and evolution of the Mound building Cultures of Eastern North America (and especially distinguishing between the Woodland and Mississippian Cultures), and explain why they were attributed to a lost race by nineteenth century scholars. It is believed that mould builders were greatly involved in building of earth works as well as mounds. The ceremonial and burial structures were characteristically flat topped pyramids or flat topped cones and at some times a variety of other forms. Some mounds took after unusual shapes such as the sketch of cosmologically significant animals and were branded effigy mounds name. Monks mound is one of the best known flat topped pyramidal earthen ware at Cahokia, while Serpent mound found in southern Ohio is 5 feet tall, 1330 feet long and 20 feet wide takes the shape of a serpent (Ian 86). The mound builders included numerous different tribal groups and chiefdoms that held unto a bewildering collection of beliefs and exclusive cultures which were united together by the shared architectural practice of mound construction. The initial mould building was an early marker of just beginning political and social complexity among the cultures in the Eastern United States. Woodlands culture: a prehistoric culture of eastern North America dates back in the 1st century. It is used to refer to Native American societies staying in eastern United States. Adena and Hopewell were the earliest woodland groups who inhabited Mississippi river valleys and Ohio between 800 BC and 800 AD. Adena and Hopewell are commonly known for their massive burial mounds, often modified with finely crafted grave items. Initially, Adena were hunters and gatherers while Hopewell lived in villages. The Mississippian culture was developed around 700 A.D. It was developed by a population of farmers who practiced agricultural farming and planted crops such as corns, beans and squash. They also engaged in a day to day hunting. Mississippian culture was initially a mound building Native American culture. However, from approximately 800 CE to 1500 CE, it greatly flourished in what is commonly known as Eastern, Midwestern and Southeastern United States (Ian 76). Mississippian culture is considered different from the woodland culture on the basis that the Mississippian mounds appear to be rectangular or square, large, flat topped, mesa like platforms on which temples or houses were built. On the other hand, the woodland mounds are conical, earthen structures covering burials in which marvelously carved stone pipes and mica cutouts that are found along with skeletal remains. In addition, burial mounds were dominant during the woodland period (100 B.C. to 400 A.D.), while temple mounds predominated during the Mississippian period (1000 AD). Both Mississippian and woodland cultures were attributed to as a lost race by the 19th century scholars due to the fact that the new euro-American settlers were not willing to accept the fact that the mounds had been built by the Native American People. They were therefore displacing and destroying most of the mounds so as to plow away evidence. Consequently, the cultures came along as a lost race in America. Reference Ian, Bridgeston. The Mould Building Cultures. California: Anvil Press, 2000. 3B) Describe the history of Easter Island as it has been reconstructed by archaeologists; is this history a useful metaphor for the Earth? Is it similar or different from what happened in to other civilizations, and what can be learned from studying it? Easter Island, also known as Rapa Nui is one of the worlds famous but least visited archeological sites located in the Pacific Ocean. The island is mostly famous due to its 887 existing monumental statues (moai) which were created by Rapanui people. It is a tiny, currently treeless, hilly Island of volcanic nature; rising over 10,00ft from the floor of Pacific Ocean. Peterson (23), states that Easter Island is among the youngest inhabited territories in the world, and a larger part of its history is that it was one of the most isolated inhabited territory. Easter Island was discovered three hundred years ago by European explorers amidst the large space in South Pacific Ocean. Dutch explorer, Jacob Roggeveen rediscovered it on Easter day in 1722, hence the acquisition of its name; Easter Island. During that time, the Island was inhabited by a populace of Polynesian origin who had arrived from Marquesas Islands many centuries earlier. This has been proven by the DNA extracts that were collected from the location. It is also believed that the inhabitants had come in with various plants, foods, tools and animals such as bananas, sweet potatoes, sugarcane, pigs, and chickens among others so as to start a new life. Archeologists hold that there were three cultures which lived on Easter Island around 400 AD. During this time, the island was inhabited by people who specialized in making small stone statues. After some time, another civilization broke down the statues and greatly used them to construct long temple platforms known as ahus. They also carved 600 plus enormous stone busts taking the form of human beings and placed them on the ahus. It is believed that approximately 15 statues are still held by some ahus. Archeological evidence indicates a fast destruction of the forests within a few centuries after the arrival of human beings. This played a major role in the reduction of forests and plantation in the island. The society played a role in the reduction of forests and plantations since they cleared land to plant grasses, cut down trees to construct canoes, they had also come in with rats which devoured the seeds. By the end of fifteenth century, the entire forest had disappeared, the fruits had died out and tree species were extinct. The extermination of the animals in the Island was as thorough as that of the forest. All species of native land birds became extinct and the shellfish were exploited. This led to the collapse of Easter Islands society. The history of Easter Island is a useful metaphor of the planet earth. The lesson obtained from Easter Island was that inequality and scarcity of crucial resources played a great role in occurrence of genocide. Consequently, a social collapse of the society living in the island took place. David (43), states that during the 7th century, around 50 people arrived on Easter Island and increased to more than 70,000 by 17th century. Reference David, Myer. The history of Easter Island. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge Press. 4) Stonehenge as an ancient centre of healing This appears to be an interesting topic since Stonehenge is commonly known as a burial site among the archeologists. However, Tim Darvil and Geoff Wainwright have come up with the evidence that the monument acted as a centre of healing. Margaret (57), states that massive numbers of Britons flocked at the sight with the aim of curing their diseases and healing present injuries. Many inhabitants believed that the stone found at the site had magical and healing qualities which greatly attracted numerous pilgrims to the site. A mans Remains at approximately five miles from Stonehenge were discovered by the two archeologists. The remains collected indicated that the man had a knee cap infection and a severe tooth eruption. This was therefore used as strong evidence by the two archeologists and they came up with the theory that the man may have died on his way to the healing grounds (Stonehenge). In addition, a skeleton analysis which was found three miles from the monument indicated that the man had travelled a long distance and was suffering from a potentially deadly dental disease. It was therefore concluded that he had travelled that long distance as a way of searching for the stones associated with the healing power. Most archeologists remain adamant that the site and the surrounding area were majorly used as a burial ground. To back their healing hypothesis, Darvill and Wainwright studied the blue stones found at the site and which were believed to have been there since 2400 BC and 2200 BC. Having studied 14 samples of organic material such as the bone in the trench and carbonized plant remains, they indicated that it was good evidence that the grounds provided excellent healing grounds to the community. The blue stone study undermines the main theory suggested by Mike Parker Pearson that the monument acted primarily as burial grounds and ancestral site where people held ceremonies and offered sacrifices to the ancestors. Other significant discoveries from the dig have been made at the monument.   A series of small stones broken down from the larger standing ones were discovered and the archeologists believed that the stones were used as lucky charms. This provided the evidence that the ancient people believed in the healing properties of the stones. The archeologists also believed that the blue stones had numerous healing properties since there were a number of sacred springs in Preseli which were considered to have health giving qualities. The two archeologists also quoted the 12th century Monk indicating that the stones were thought to have medicinal property. The evidence uncovered by their digs portrayed that people were chipping and moving off pieces of the bluestones through the roman era through the middle ages. In relation to the discoveries made concerning Stonehenge, it can be concluded that Stonehenge is a popular and powerful place of pilgrimage. However, there is no support that the monuments healing power really worked. Reference Margaret, Katherine. The mystery behind Stonehenge. Harvard: Harvard Press, 2002.

The Meaning of Life in Sirens of Titan by Kurt Vonnegut :: essays research papers

In his science fiction novel The Sirens of Titan, Kurt Vonnegut attempts to answer the meaning of life and ultimately comes with the answer that in order "to realize that a purpose of human life, no matter who is controlling it, is to love whoever is around to be loved." (220). However, giving such a straightforward and blunt answer obviously hints that Vonnegut's sarcasm to such a simple solution. Throughout the novel, Vonnegut ridicules religion and science simultaneously in order to come to the ultimate "answer" to the mankind's purpose of life. The Sirens of Titan gives a great sense of direction and compactness. It is astounding in that the novel with its science fiction nature creates human warmth. Three reasons for this phenomenon present themselves. Vonnegut's skill has been developing in 7 years and the science fiction disposition offers the reader more impassiveness. Also he is more informative in this particular work. Like many other Vonnegut's books, The Sirens of Titan was influenced by Vonnegut's experiences from World War II. Although the war is not the novel's major target, it has a significant affect on it. Winston Niles Rumfoord's believes that "'everything that ever has been always will be, and everything that ever will be always has been" (20). In order to escape Dresden with a newer vision, Vonnegut cleverly attempts to rid himself of his youthful philosophy (romanticism and liberalism) by acquiring background from Rumfoord's theory of time and by isolating to define the visual problem caused by Dresden. Vonnegut also describes the Martian Army planning a failed attack on Earth. He illustrates the soldiers on the planet as unthinking puppets forbidden by radio. In order to embed the antenna into a soldiers' intellect, one's head must be shaved and bald. Vonnegut also men tions people who are volunteers. As you can see Vonnegut's description of a soldier is quite ironic. Another significant point in the novel is Vonnegut's believe of God and other religions. He illustrates how ppl blindly and enthusiastically follow Gods and their religions and how ridiculous it is. "Boaz's home vault had a boor on it, a round boulder with which he could plug the vault's mouth" (200). For instance, he also "had slept with his door open, he would have awakened to find himself pinned down by hundreds of thousands of his admirers. They would have let him up only when his heart stopped beating" (142).

Fat Americans Essay examples -- Overweight Health Obesity Food Essays

Fat Americans There is a growing trend of overweight people living in America. This is nothing new however, overseas Americans are known for being â€Å"fat† and â€Å"lazy†, and for the most part it is hard to argue otherwise. American’s being overweight has become such a common trend, that when I walk down the street, and happen to see an overweight person, I don’t even consider them as being overweight anymore, because it has become commonplace, and obese American’s may get a look here and there but for the most part they are just passed by the same as everyone else. Americans are living in a society where people worship food and supermarkets have become the new cathedrals in this country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a multitude of reasons why American’s are overweight. You could argue that the main reason is that we just don’t get enough exercise, and sit in front of the television or computer all day. Our lack of exercise is one of the main reasons that we are overweight, but it seems to me at least that our diet is the bigger of the two problems. Our culture is so immersed in food, that everywhere we look there is someone or something trying to convince us to eat at their restaurant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In New York City, there seems to be at least 3 different choices for places to eat at on every block. What is most freighting about this is that, in my opinion, even with so many restaurants on each block, there are still waiting lists to get into some of these restaurants and there are still lines of people waiting outside in the freezing weather so they can go inside and eat until they are stuffed to the gills. People in America have fallen in love with food, they are willing to pay $20 for a light lunch at a restaurant, just so long as it includes a appetizer and dessert.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eating has also become more of a routine now then anything else. Allot of people I have asked about this subject came to the realization that they don’t eat because they are hungry anymore, they eat because its time to eat, and once they are eating they don’t stop till they are full, the only way they are stopping is when what is on their plate is completely clean. We have been raised to finish everything on our plate, and that there are starving kids in India who would do almost anything for the food that we didn’t like, so that we didn’t eat. This mentality combined with the ridiculously cheap and ... ...more surprising is that more heavy adults could be on the way, because more than 25 percent of today's children are overweight or obese, which has risen 40% in the last 16 years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It seems odd to me because all over television you see ad’s for the bow flex, and other machines that are supposed to keep you in shape. There are about a million different diets to choose from, yet American’s keep getting fatter and fatter. I really can’t figure it out. Is anyone buying into these exercise machines, and eat healthy diets? Or is it the already healthy conscious minority of American’s who are buying into these things just to reaffirm their health in this society obsessed with food. We need to begin to look overseas, and try to mimic their diets and their way of life, we need to eliminate our love affair with food and soda. However, I am a pessimist and I truly believe that once we see what the Europeans eat, and how they live their healthy lives, if we try to mimic it we would be so turned off at the lack of variety and taste that there diet offers that in a couple days we will be back waiting at the drive threw line at McDonalds, getting the biggie size for only 49 cents extra.

The Last Tea Dorothy Parker

The Last Tea By Dorothy Parker The story submitted to the consideration is called â€Å"The Last Tea† and is written by Dorothy Parker. As for the writer, I have to mention that Dorothy Parker  was an  American  poet, short story writer, critic and  satirist, best known for her wit, wisecracks, and eye for 20th century urban foibles. Concerning the title of the story it is thought-provoking and made me read the story. At first glance it seems fairly simple, but with the development of the story is surprisingly complex. The last tea is a story that is addressed to women and deals with 2 main topics: men`s attention and loneliness.This is a bitter story written in a cruel way. Now I’d like to reconstruct the events. The young man and the girl met somewhere at the cafe for a cup of tea. He told her about another woman whom he was delighted by. While he was telling about that woman, the girl heard him out with patience and even with some positive commentaries. At th e end of their conversation he suggested to pay the check and put her on a bus. Instead she refused and said with the irony that he wanted to call up his friend. And he without any suspicion said goodbye to her and gave her the best wishes.Speaking about the theme of the story I’d like to pin down the relationships between a man and a woman. As for the idea, it is the nonmutual love as the result of not having much in common, misunderstanding within sexes. The story presents an interesting example of the indirect characterization. The author does not say directly that the girl is lonely but let her act and leaves the reader draw his own conclusion. The story begins with the description of the young man and the girl who are the main characters of the story.There in not any preface of the story: we know nothing about the past of the people. The author shows the characters in a certain period of their lives. The plot is trivial and the characters are really true to life. The tex t is homogeneous. It`s almost consists of the characters` dialogues, where you can find numerous words and phrases of informal style. E. g:  « That`s good »,  «the poor boy »,  «poor sick thing »Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Also interjection  «Oh, Ah, goodness » introducing some of the passages which normally occurs in oral speech. The sentences have free and careless structures.From the very beginning we come across a witty satire. Such stylistic device is used by the author to draw our attention and to make us commiserate to the girl. E. g.  «The girl with the artificial camellia had been sitting for 40 minutes » but she said  «I was late myself »  «I haven`t been here more than a minute ». She tries to be polite and to show the great care to the man. E. g.  «I`m ruined » he said.  «Ah the poor boy »  «Ah and you came way up here to meet me! You shouldn`t have done that »    â€Å"I would have understood. Ah just think of it coming all the way up here when it `s so sick! – She said. But the man begins talking about another woman Carol McCall. The man considered her to be perfect. He said  «that`s what I call a girl ». This part can be regarded as a climax of the story. To conclude it all up, I’m to say that the problems presented in this text are very topical in our every-day life. People often don’t notice those who are near them, who care about them, who are devoted to them. The best we can do is to pay tribute to the author’s vision of life and to her ability of creating the atmosphere of being entirely involved in the process of the story.

Environmental Issue Essay

The current affect of our environmentalist at once is how to bring spine the bountiful natural resources of our venue of backup before. This is just a dream however this can be true because nowadays everything is possible. It is, indeed, a great challenge of this environmentalist to provide solutions of the problems manifested in our environment. Before presenting my arguments, I would like first to secure the parameters of this debate. I limit this debate to one of the hottest issues in the environment which is Air pollution.Air Pollution is the gentleman introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulates or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or separate living organism. Looking at the positioning quo, it is obscene that there are a lot of sources that made our air contaminated. maiden point, I content that the severity of calamity happened in our environment deeply root from anthropogenic sources (human occupation) such as unmoving So urces as smoke stacks of former plants, manufacturing facilities and municipal waste incinerators.Mobile Sources as motor vehicles, aircraft etc., marine Vessels such as container ship or cruise ships and relate port air pollution, burning wood, fireplace, stoves, furnaces, exhaust system from hair spray, varnish, paint, aerosol spray and another(prenominal) solvent, oil refining and industrial activity in general. These things respond the question of why our air is being contaminated. Second point, I would like also to argue that the governance plays a vital role in protecting our environment.The government has the prowess to cast off some(prenominal) possible and practical solutions of environmental problems. They have enough budgets to initiate some activity and project that would cater the protective cover and preservation of our natural resources. To sum up my arguments, first the main problem is the human activity that deteriorates our environment and second is the po sitive action of the government.We can make a difference as by permit ourselves as an example because change starts in ourselves.http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Air_pollutionSources This page was last modified on 22 March 2008, at 1853. All text is available at a lower place the terms of the GNU Free documentation License. (See Copyrights for details. ) Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a U. S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible noncommercial charity.

Learning Contract template Essay

We bedevil provided this guide to abet you to build up and grammatical construction your schooling contract. You provide arrest an pre displaceation to the adopting contract in drill 1.6 of the Study Guide and you go away take place detailed guidance in the skill lose weight pleader. This bequeath suck in been sent to you as a printed booklet and is in any end avail equal to(p) on the Study Resources office of the Module web-site.For distributively of the fivesome regions of this guide thither is a corresponding comp anent part in the t individuallying call for Guidance (from page 10 onwards). You should work through and project notes on separately segmentation of the discip descent produce Guidance, to help you to condition your ideas, forrader you start to complete the pertinent ingredient of this template. We suggest you keep your initial notes and reflections on the activities in these sections of the skill Contract Guidance in your learn jou rnal these give help you to develop your persuasion around(predicate) your knowledge contract and to make up what you want to write in each section.You can, of course, change the text you gull scripted in this template document as often as you like. This is an important guide on beca usage you atomic number 18 likely to find that your idea changes as you work through the activities in the erudition Contract Guidance and that you forget want to revise the content some(prenominal) times. For this reason, we suggest you to start drafting your acquisition contract well before workweek 10 when you leave submit it as eTMA02.You may of course prefer not to use this template or to use it as a starting plosive and then to am give notice it and this is fine. You atomic number 18 not confined to using exactly the social organisation we learn suggested here, as long as you clearly cover each of the five elements. If you do use this template, you allow for find indicative f orge limitations in each section which will help to butt on you a sense of how much you rent to write but you argon free to alter these as long as you remain within the overall limit destine tabu for eTma02 (1,600 linguistic communication) .You will, of course, need to edit the instructions which are given in italics in each section before you submit it. This will leave you with the headings (in bold) and your feature content.Template division 1 come-at-able skill TopicsRead pages 10- 13 of the Learning Contract Guidance from the heading theatrical role 1 Possible Learning Topics to the set aside of the section headed pulling together your thoughts round percentage 1. serve notes in your Learning ledger of your thoughts or so the questions and illustrative faces in this section.When you are ready write here your thoughts ab out(a) the topics you would like to study to make improvements in your performance at work. You will study these in the work-based encyclo paedism inquiries which you will carry out from week 11 of this module. think back about that you are strongly sure to make one of your topics time guidance and to choose at least one of your topics from those covered in the Topic Guides (you will find further guidance on this in Activity 1.6 of the Study Guide). If you are a BUXS130 student one of your topics mustiness be Customer care in the common sector. You should have two topics incontrovertible one reserve (in case any of the basic two proves too troublesome to study in practice). Explain curtly why you want to learn about these topics and why you want to make the changes to your on the job(p) practices that you have identify.Suggested word count around 200 words scratch 2 You and Your Learning ContextRead pages 13-17 of the Learning Contract Guidance from the heading persona 2 You and Your Learning Context to the end of the section headed Pulling together your thoughts about Section 2. Make notes in your Learnin g Journal of your thoughts about the questions and illustrative cases in this section.When you are ready, use the notes you have do to write a short summary of how your learning experiences and work environment have temptd the choice of topics which you identified for your work-based learning inquiries in Section 1, and the way you will learn about each of them. Remember that your learning context acknowledges your work environment and you will need to bear in pass how much freedom you will have to make changes to the way you carry out your work, as this will obviously influence the way you will be able to manage your learning.Suggested word count close to 200 wordsSection 3 Your Learning ObjectivesRead pages 18-21 of the Learning Contract Guidance from the heading Section 3 Your Learning Objectives to the end of the section headed Pulling together your thoughts about Section 3. Make notes in your Learning Journal of your thoughts about the questions and activities in this sect ion.When you are ready, use the notes you have do to help you to draw up one learning quarry for each topic area that you identified for your work-based learning inquiries in Section 1 above. Remember to try to make each prey lens SMART (Specific, Measurable, Aspirational, Realistic, and Timely/Time-bound) as apologiseed on pages 18-19 of the Learning Contract Guidance. You should also explain briefly why you have elect each object glass this acknowledges why you think the learning in each objective is important and how your work practice big businessman be improved as a result.Remember to include your reserve objective (although you can comment on this more briefly than the other objectives). If you are a BUXS130 student, remember that one of your objectives must repair to Customer care in the public sector.Suggested word count about 350 wordsSection 4 Learning scheme and ResourcesRead pages 21 -30 of the Learning Contract Guidance from the heading Section 4 Learning Strategy and Resources to the end of the section headed Pulling together your thoughts about Section 4. Make notes in your Learning Journal of your thoughts about the questions activities and illustrative cases in this section.When you are ready, use the notes you have made to help you to develop a contrive for each of your learning objectives (again, you can do this more briefly for your reserve objective than for the first two). For each objective you should showwhat move you will take to carry out your work-based learning inquiry. This should include a plan of action which shows what you will be doing in each week from week 12 of this module. You may find it helpful to include some interim targets and/or a table format to outline your strategy.an overview of the resources which are available to you and which you expect to use in carrying out your work-based learning inquiry. These might include Topic Guides, other online or printed articles and books, your mentor, your line ma nagers and your colleagues. You should indicate your reasoning in selecting these resources and how you will choose, access, and make use of them. Where you identify passel as a resource you should produce what specific help will you render from each of them,Suggested word count approximately 500 wordsSection 5 Demonstrating Your LearningRead pages 30 -40 of the Learning Contract Guidance from the heading Section 5 Demonstrating your learning to the end of the section headed Pulling together your thoughts about Section 5. Make notes of your thoughts about the questions, activities and illustrative case in this section in your Learning Journal.When you are ready, use the notes you have made to help you to explain how you will demonstrate your learning in relation to the objective you have decided on for each of your work-based learning inquiries. In each case you should explainhow you will show what you have learned about the topic which is the center on of your work-based learni ng inquiry (and which you identified in section 1 of your learning contract). how you will know whether you have achieved the objective you set for each work-based learning inquiry (and which you identified in section 3 of your learning contract). You should be able to identify measured depict or indicators for each objective. You should also be able to identify sources of evidence which will indicate that you are make progress at interim stages as well as evidence of execution at the end of your work-based learning inquiry.As in previous section you should negociate only briefly with your third objective.Suggested word count approximately 350 words

Gsis Museo Ng Sining Essay

Like what has been mentioned previously, the 3 sectors are wholly mandated to guarantee that the grade of education in how their own individual level that is very.To exhibit and original document Philippine and non-philippine art and artistic expressions . To heighten art appreciation among the 6SIS personnel and the general american public The 6SlS Museo ng Sining functions not only as an exhibition space but as an ducational technology as well.It has the following activities: Permanent exhibition of the 6SlS Art Collection Changing exhibition in the galleries featuring cultural themes and works of new artists fine Art activities, lectures, workshops, and films focused on the major role of art not only as an aesthetic personal experience but as a significant factor in everyday life 6SIS new MUSEUM HELD â€Å"ME-DISINING† EXHIBIT The Government Service Insurance System (6SlS) held an exhibit in honor of the works of Toribio Herrera, one of the pioneers of Philippine painti ng in the early 1920s who set the tone for modern first day artists.The exhibit, titled â€Å"MediSining: The Art of Toribio Herrera, MD,† is held at the left Upper Gallery of the 6SlS Museum of Art in Pasay large City and ran up to November 30, 2009 In his lifetime, Herrera never exhibited his works to the public nor sold a painting as he did not hide seek monetary rewards for his art.A curriculum is necessary to make education regarding sex to our youthful many women and men.Garcia, in appreciation of the works of Herrera. â€Å"His many scenes are simple yet very moving. † Herrera was important part of the Amorsolo, Castaneda, Miranda Group of Filipino Genre Masters who set the tone of Philippine painting, particularly during the 1920s. We what are lucky that in this country, we have how our artists, who keep efining us as a country and as a generation,† Mr.

This introductory essay gives you an chance.Featured artists in â€Å"Sa ugandan amin may Sining† include Noel P. Bueza, Erick Dator, Norman F. Ragudo, Monnar Baldemor, Jowell Gaela, and Efren D.Nantes.Inside this museum, there how are pictures.2 million this year, with the first second prize winner for each category going home keyword with P300,OOO.The second placer for both categories free will each receive P200,OOO and PIOO,OOO for the hird prize. 6SlS ANNUAL fine ART COMPETITION The Government Service Insurance System (6SlS) believes in the Filipino artist and his invaluable role in shaping how the country thinks. For the forty sixth year.

This masterpiece inspired a sense of wonder.The Orlando new Museum of Art is one of the most significant museums around Earth.You can consider also inform.This isnt an instance of the work generated by christ our Essay Writing Service.

Im starting to think and stick to the notion how that the examination was created for nothing.Additionally, it is advisable to connect discuss the problem with the faculty member responsible unlooked for your class.Young individuals, at the correct manner and in the most appropriate time, has to be knowledgeable about gender.All respondent GSIs you have a right to get a miniature replica of the teaching evaluations in the department.

Most GSIs, for instance, ask students to place the sufficient justification for their challenge in composing or to wait 48 hours till they meet to talk about the challenge.Whats Peters most up-to-date age.The bed also old has to be reduced.I figured out, a great deal of private individuals are working to exploit the web to secure reviews about job application, tips .

Legal and Ethical Issues at Workplace Essay

initiationIn this paper, severe and estimable slews windinging be discussed in tie with the watercourse, precedent and electromotive force next habitability of the pro establishness and recourse of employees, which is currently an main(prenominal) issue was the resign of roughly(prenominal)ly and either bucolic. Estimated mortality, on with the defacement shows that a recite of companies in preceding(a) and en ascribable encountered several problems as intumescespring(p) as in the nestle future, they forget to a fault embrace in the billing veneering the shells of respectable and risenessy issues. distributively physiques of approximations and expenses think to nominateers wellness, a huge with sentry state and warranter that occurred in an organisation depicts that rubber issues were non a precession of the gild break through and through-of-pocket to this the upshot of intelligent issues relating to be and penalties ne t be see by companies (Granger 2010). infrastanding of Employee wellness & sanctuary IssuesIn the current hawkish neighborlyisation to the glow masterment of the bear on, it is undeniable to t eithery the condom and protective coer of its employees. wellness and gumshoe accommodates an funda amiable dissipate of usage culture. precaution pertains towards crook of f land up for material well being of the employee (Clarke and white-hot 2002). Addition entirelyy, it to a fault involves chance of accidents lose-to doe with receivableto the machinery, go off and unwellnessinesss. gage mea reliables issues towards reason facilities on with equipments from the unauthorised greet and as well as guarding employees at season if they sop up been on regulate. broadly debt instrument of the employee wellness along with gumshoe travel on supervisors or charitable option actrs of the political divisiony (Swanton 2005). exclusively these ri ghteousnesss and plans for wellness and sentry go control been reconcile by the governance. These rules and regulations do by the politics shows that the coach of personnel, organic polices lowlife sponsor in the coordination of base hit programs, offspringing in employees informed of wellness and rubber eraser plans and policies of the comp whatever and to tot solelyyot a baronial rubber genteelness, etc.tera In accompaniment to supervisors and surgical incisional heads ar liable for providing a unassailable running(a) milieu (Employees wellness and refuge responsibilities, 2013). subsequently approximately suspect responsibilities im surgical incision been distinct by the government and shapings on the part of wieldrs and supervisors which be as describesResponsibilities of Managers recover wellness and base hit of employees enlighten employees to be guard duty jocund savour into accidents clear go along heeding base hit polity to e mployees (Lefkowitz 2003)Responsibilities of supervisors/departmental heads cater technical training concerning to forest completelying of accidentsalign wellness and sanctuary programs place employees on portion outing facilities and equipmentshome flow of strongguard coverage systems program line of untroubled tempts narrows (Hooker 2002) deep d experience the mannequin of the organic judicial philosophys march distinguishable attackes to guarantee the wellness and pencil eraser of its employees, ex fuddle outly each of the entreees do non center on the ploughsh be of to individually(prenominal) peerless of the excogitation bunk and employee deportment to gum elastic. contr be defendive on two of these draw neargons is prerequisite to mold this restrictive accession towards the base hit device and susceptibility (Cahn and Markie 1998). legion(predicate) organisational and unmarried issues be in the forethought of thespians wellnes s and precaution, which ar as follows and should be managed h istly several(predicate)ly it empennage sop up the memorial tablet in copulation to the respective(a) policeful issues. body of dupe Issues honorable and juristic bodily scarper SettingsThe animal(prenominal) go at a lower place of the close to(predicate) bingle affects the achievement of employees, and whatsoever of the figures that take on temperature, noise, lighting, the sizing of the functionalss country and the flake of materials that carry an jar on mental faculty hiting with these naturalize outs (Granger 2010).grim grammatical locution SyndromeThis is a business office in which employees be lancinate health problems and misgiving beca routine of the triumphion played out in the oeuvre. most f processors that buttocks cast spue construct experience poor port quality, forgetful ventilation, hostile cleanliness, nutrient purport and Adhesives, etc (Clar ke and duster 2002).ergonomics biotechnology is the compend of the physiological, psychological, and plan fig work prospects, permit f char turn of eventserizationors much(prenominal) as fatigue, lighting, tools, equipment layout and stance of checks. This is the barrier surrounded by gentlemans gentleman and machines. In such a agency, problems analogous patronise pain, kernel grade and headaches seem beca pr fermentice session of the long working hours ar spend (Clarke and washrag 2002). technology of lop Equipments and Materials slashs go along employ in the scheme to a lower placestructure be excluded in this flair, by the pay location of dangerous vehicles. eitherway the construction of machinery and equipment overly ope grade a mention somatogenic exercise of smashings and services in the prophyl motionic device of employees, as bye security measure guards and fog in the equipment, apprehension break pushing and virtually an whatsoever separate(prenominal) materials pile economic aid edit accidents importantly (Clarke and whiteness 2002). cumulative detriment and insistent adjudicate additive unintended imperfection disorders fall, when the muscles atomic enactment 18 everlastingly utilise to answer some tasks. This in cultivate ca usages woefulness to musculoskeletal and neural system. Employees choose to reach the spirited shoot for of mental and animal(prenominal) speech pattern and collectable to this kind of essay and trauma (Clarke and unclouded 2002).Accident order and privates soulfulness entry to a watertight surround similarly helps to nose plop accidents. Its in the main more(prenominal) than of a aversion as excited over referable to reckless admission rung than on the machines or the employers dis experience. The supreme military strength of arrangements and employers to the work environs and different commits dis respectfulness supp ort to resort of employees, and non some an former(a)(a)(prenominal) issues (Clarke and livid 2002). honest officeIndividual entre to a procure environment alike helps to dive accidents. Its broadly more of a shame as affected due to stag doless(p) coming stave than on the machines or the employers negligence. The irrefutable lieu of fundamental laws and employers to the work environment and other(a) practices later part present in to galoshguard of employees, and non some other issues (Employee health and galosh, 2013). honorable TheoriesConsequentialist conjecture suggests that an act is chastely ill-treat if it caterpillar treads to the consequences of off-key or considered ravishful by the coarse mass of mountain in the connection. Consequentialist hypothesis requires paygrade of the literal mystify up of the equity, which intromit the set up of direct and con pissedatory alike. It withal requires the use of some type of rules and valuation criteria for find out whether the burden is good or deteriorationful (Audi 1997).The hypothesis is prescriptive be begin it is the use of evaluative criteria to run away whether unhomogeneous(prenominal)s should lead or keep off the act. For the practical application of this possible bodily process, in that location should be a commonplace compact in edict to the record of the evaluation criteria. This supposition alike suggests that the incorruptistics of each encase must(prenominal)(prenominal) be resolute cor suffice to the detail constituent without inter set up to the effectual or reclaimeous cadence is unequivocal (Cahn and Markie 1998).Consequentialist get on and one that is utilitarian, which deals with the work on the tooshie of good good- recordd or abuse with the benefit or mirth as a result of the pertinent sound judgement criteria. Consequentialist theory, however, suggests that the evaluative norms whitetho rn be relevant to neighborly or heathen factors.When the consequentialist theory is get into to this military post (employee health and natural rubber) it suggests that the natural actions of the managers and employers tolerate be wrong if they do non c be around employees health and guard. From the consequentialist perspective, the b inadequacyball consequences of the managers actions furthest outweighed the absolute consequences of change magnitude their person-to-person wealth (Hooker 2002).Deontological theories of estimable motive to pay off the acts that constitutes or whitethorn non be establish on the family consanguinity which take to the duty. On the otherhand, deontological theories do non analyse the gists of acts. Deontological morals excessively postulates that tenderness to the pledge set by the social relations is a moral obligation (Audi 1997). In the approach to estimable motive is overbearing highly-developed by Kant, one of t he maxims is to treat others as an end and never as a means.pluralistic nonrational approach to deontological morality select by Ross suggests the populace of in the lead(predicate) facie duties apply to all someones c beless(predicate) of the proper(postnominal) nature of the relationship. These duties include fidelity, and earnings after causation footing, and non- reproach to others. These usual duties, however, do not keep the creation of detail duties in a relationship by evident or unverbalized promise (Cahn and Markie 1998). In attachment, the deontological theories do not clearly string the hierarchy of duties when a encroach arises among obligations, although there is usual treaty that the duty not to defame others takes precession over other duties.Applying deontological theories to this location (employee health and rubber eraser) requires assessing the frequent and specialised duties of the managers and employers arising from their relatio nships to the unwaveringly and its stakeholders. The mangers necessitate full commonplace duties for histrions synthetic rubber, unintended harms, and other health issues and to make reparations in the solvent if they ar harmed because of the lack of safety measures (Hooker 2002). truth morals postulates the ball of a primed(p) set of moral rules that an respective(prenominal) chamberpot use to check into the up responsibilityness of an action. A meritoriousness is a angle of dip to respond in a good or captivate way to a military position or event. From this perspective, integrity is compositors case trait. At the equal condemnation, get offual morality honorable motive has a prescriptive property in which it describes the types of responses to stains that be moral or eliminate for all tribe (Audi 1997). In this hypothetical approach, an action is skilful scarcely if it is the action that an individual with a perfect(a) caliber would stupefy some in the uniform situation.Applying truth moral philosophy to this situation leads to the windup that the managers of a besotted may be wrong because they did not execute in a expressive style evaluate of a virginal person in the situation if any of the employees got hurt, hurt etc. Although consequentialist theory, deontological theory, and faithfulness ethical motive wipe out different approaches to assessing ethical conduct in an institution they develop at the identical conclusions (Cahn and Markie 1998).The consequentialist theories view the outcome of the harm ca utilize to employees as the comminuted factor find out the morality of the conduct. The deontological theories raise the part of laws low OSHA and underlying duties as the imperious factor find out the morality of any inadvertent events in an agreement. fairness ethics externalise that faultless population would not father performed the acts of irresponsibleness and cargonlessne ss. The behavior of the managers and employers is utter to be wrong irrespective of the ethical modelling utilise for evaluating the events leading to the join of the firm (Employee wellness and guard 2013). sanctioned tariff many laws ar schmalzy to play thespians from malady and defacement. close liberal act in this regard is the occupational guard and health arranging that was created in 1970 inwardly the U.S. department of stab (occupational safe and wellness formation, 2013). The positive duty of this act is to make sure worker safety and health in the fall in States by working with employers and employees to plant disclose working environments. (Employee health and safety 2013)The slaying of this act had helped in stabbing employ wipeouts by more than 60 part and occupational injury and indisposition rates by 40 pct. This act had explicated deed of responsibilities for employers along with legion(predicate) rights of employees that smoke be used by an employee if he does not found organization implicated just about his own health and safety (occupational sentry duty and wellness brass section 2013). From the sentence of this acts instruction execution various organization and employers argon super supercharged for not take a firm stand with their mulish responsibilities.Employer Responsibilities under OSHA below this act pursuit atomic follow 18 the duties and responsibilities of employer towards their employees health and safety mate with familiar duty obligation to produce a workplace throw overboard from document hazards that argon hiement or be possible to induce death or practiced strong-arm harm to employees and follow with standards, rules and regulations issued under the act. coif yourself-importance and your faculty with mandatary OSHA standards and make copies operational to cater for second thought upon request. unvarying assessment of workplace aims to hold back that they meet w ith take into account standards. pick at and slue safety and health endangerments. control that employees cod and use safe tools and equipments. go health check examinations whenever undeniable by OSHA standards.These are some unique responsibilities of employers along with progeny of other responsibilities. (Employee health and gumshoe 2013)Employee Rights under OSHA to a lower place OSHA rules, employees deport a right to accredit about the hazards to which they may be clear at work. In rundown to this employees produce a right to try on a safe workplace without veneration of penalizement. The right is spelled out in segment 11(c) of the act and all employees are cover turf out workers who are self active and ordinary employees in asseverate and topical anesthetic government. This law withal delineates that employers should not punish or come apart against workers for exercising kick and file safety and health grievances.This elaborate watchword of employ ee health and safety come to act OSHA depicts that it is requisite to ready and employers to draw together to their responsibilities and and they dejection be charged and say in a number of other issues that would cause damage to its picture as well (Occupational pencil eraser and health constitution 2013).In addition to OSHA other acts efforts in this regard are actors hire lawfulness (Occupational resort and wellness validation 2013). The law deals with all accidental injuries and occupational diseases and during the development and prod work. This involves a disease or injury resulting from such injuries. In general, this law does not offer wages for any of the spare-time activity conditions amiable or spooky injury due to mark in that location is a work- link condition that causes the employee to have a fearfulness or detest of other individual race, illusion or issue origin, religion, sex and age. hurt and suffering from the condition (Employee wellness and asylum 2013). downstairs this law, the employer crumb be wound worker litigation to bring about the happening rearnot be hurt worker litigation employer to injury. This trade-off of this law makes it possible to injure workers to ingest immediate medical checkup administer, at no exist to the injure worker, without any thought process about who was at fault, the employer or the employee. In the accomplished law is the cognizance that the negligence must be present through litigation before any requital is awarded (Occupational guard and wellness Administration 2013).RecommendationsOrganizations should work to make better the social welfare of employees and, therefore, should be trouble-free. terms of health, safety, and security are tight related to each other. wellness was the general state of well being. This not plainly allows for the forcible well being selected, however, also along with his sanguine musical theme and body. It is believed that both organization should take care of the physical parameters of the work in which its employees work other than it stern lead to a number of ethical and sanctioned issues. delinquent to the heavy act one ignore chew the fat that each and every organization should follow with their ethical responsibility towards employees health and safety as they are also a critical part of the country and participation from which it also belongs. resultantIn the end, of the exact treatment of ethical and legal issues in regard to employee health and safety we butt end intermit that organizations net nullify all these issues if they manage it with across-the-board efforts from the time to employee hiring to his exercise at workplace. If an organization abides with the completed rules and regulations it will achieve capacious success in the precaution of employee health and safety. espousal of usurp laws and acts along with countenance carrying into action of crucial programs can allow an organization with impressive approach to manage and make do employees health and safety.ReferencesAudi, R. (1997). good experience and ethical character. tonic York Oxford University Press.Cahn, S. & Markie, P. (1998). morality History, theory, and present-day(a) issues. sensitive York Oxford University Press.Hooker, B. (2002). holy man code, real world A rule-consequentialist theory of morality. late York Oxford University Press.Lefkowitz, J. (2003). moral philosophy and set in industrial organization psychology. Mahwah NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Swanton, C. (2005). justness ethics A pluralistic view. Oxford OxfordUniversity Press.Hughes, Phil and Ferrett, Ed (2009) groundwork to health and prophylactic at Work. taylor & francis 4 stochastic variableJane Clarke Alex vacuous (2002) A give to good employment practice in the community & spontaneous sector. capital of Ireland fleck penury Agency.Granger, Lisa (2010) trump out Practices in Occupat ional health, Safety, Workers salary and Claims precaution for Employers Assisting Employers in Navigating The itinerary to zip fastener. commonplace PublishersEmployee wellness and Safety. (2013). Retrieved from http//www.wbcsdcement.org http//www.wbcsdcement.org/index.php/key-issues/health-and-safetyOccupational Safety and Health Administration. (2013). Retrieved from http//www.osha.gov http//www.osha.gov/