Symbols in the Mayor of Casterbridge

AP English Literature and Composition Miss Hodge 19 March. 2013 Symbolism in The Mayor of Casterbridge A symbol is an object, person, or figure that is used to represent a concept in the story. Throughout the novel The Mayor of Casterbridge, there are three key symbols. All three symbols Hardy uses are objects. These three objects all represent something about the main character, Henchard. One of the three symbols also pertains to Farfrae, another character in the novel. The three symbols are the collision of wagons, the bull, and the caged goldfinch.All three of the symbols play a large part in this novel and further help the reader understand the concepts of the characters. The first of the symbols is the collision of wagons. The two wagons that collide are grain wagons; one owned by Henchard, and the other wagon owned by Farfrae. The wreck happens at night, and both of the wagons are filled to the brim with hay. One of the wagons gets stuck and has to be left overnight. The violen t collision of the two wagons is more than just a wreck which Farfrae’s waggoner thinks â€Å"[he] must have done [that] a purpose† (Hardy 179).This action symbolizes the ongoing struggle of Henchard and Farfrae’s relationship (college prep). In the beginning of their relationship, Henchard is very pleased with Farfrae, but as their lives go on together, Farfrae begins to become more well-liked by the townspeople than Henchard. After more time passes, Henchard grows very jealous of Farfrae and despises him. They are building up great tension between one another, and the collision just adds to it. The wagon collision also symbolizes the traditional ways in which Henchard does his business.These practices may be outdated and ineffective, but they are what Henchard stands for and values. On the other hand, Farfrae is very modern in his business, and therefore more effective. Farfrae and his modern attitude have caught the eye of townspeople, and they are intrigued by his way of business. The second symbol is the bull. The bull enters the novel when it chases down Lucetta and Elizabeth into a barn and onto the loft. As they try to get away, Henchard is there to save their lives, mainly Lucetta’s. He gets a old of the bull and guides it to the ground. The bull becomes paralyzed, and its nose begins bleeding. Lucetta is crying and feels blessed she was being saved, but Henchard more so because â€Å"[she] once saved [him]† (Hardy 193). Through this action, the reader may begin to feel more sympathetic towards Henchard in the showing of his strength and courage. The bull in the novel also symbolizes the brute forces in the world that threaten human life. Bent on destruction, it seems to embody the unnamed forces Henchard carries.The third symbol is the caged goldfinch. This object is given to Elizabeth at her wedding, from Henchard. Henchard never actually gives the goldfinch straight to Elizabeth, but he leaves it there in the corn er of the room. The bird is forgotten there after Elizabeth coldly greets Henchard, which he takes harshly. When the maid finds the goldfinch, Elizabeth then realizes she needs to set out and find Henchard, but she does not know Henchard is with Able being cared for at Able’s cottage.The only reason for Able doing this is because; Henchard once cared for his mother. Able feels he needs to return the favor. When Elizabeth finally catches word of Henchard, he is already dead. Henchard â€Å"didn’t gain strength, for you see, ma’am, he couldn’t eat† (Hardy 304). The goldfinch symbolizes Henchard in his last days. Both Henchard and the goldfinch are not eating and starve themselves in their last days. Hardy ties Henchard’s fate and the goldfinch’s fate together. Both Henchard and the goldfinch live and die in a prison.Though Henchard’s was not literal like the goldfinches, he was still imprisoned by his personality and his past. He nchard cannot escape what he has done in the past, and this is being shown with the symbol of the goldfinch. Even Though Elizabeth reaches out to Henchard in the end trying to weather the storm, Henchard still dies isolated and alone (Holtsberry). All three of the symbols play a large part in this novel and farther help the reader understand the concepts of the characters. Therefore the use of the symbols can be understood clearly.All the symbols reflect an abstract concept. By using the collision of wagons it shows the concept of Henchard and Farfrae’s relationship, and how it takes a turn for the worst. When Hardy uses the bull as a symbol in the novel, it shows the strength and courage of Henchard. The bull also shows the brutal forces surrounding them in their lives. The last symbol is the caged goldfinch. This symbol shows how Henchard lives his life imprisoned in his own actions. Most of the choices Henchard makes that imprison him, he made in the past and when he was a young man.Even though one of Henchards biggest mistakes he makes is while he is a wise old man. This mistake is when he lies to Elizabeth about being her father. By Hardy using the symbols in The Mayor of Casterbridge the uncommon moods of Henchard are accepted by the reader. Works Cited Hardy, Thomas. The Mayor of Casterbridge. New York: Barnes & Noble Classics, 2004. Print. Holtsberry, Kevin. The Mayor of Casterbridge. Blogcritics. org. Technorati, Inc, 21 May. 2004. Web. 16 March. 2013. Literary Analysis Essay. Collegepreppappers. blogspot. com. 12 March. 2012. Web. 16 March. 2013.

Conventional Accounting Systems Essay

Advantages of a Computerized Accounting System The Difference Between Net Income & Pretax Accounting Income The Difference Between Strategic & Traditional HR Before the advent of fast and cheap computers, accounting traditionally was processed manually with all transactions recorded in columnar papers and kept in voluminous binders. Once computers became popular and software affordable, accounting tasks moved into this medium, where concepts stayed the same but mechanics changed from papers to programs. Sponsored Link Diesel Exhaust Brakes Exhaust Brakes On & Off-Highway Euro 6 & Tier 4 Compliant www.GTPP.co.uk Speed The most glaring difference between traditional and computerized accounting is the speed of operations. With an accounting program, data is entered once and it is saved. The program provides management with reports in a speed never dreamed possible in the traditional days. No more waiting days or weeks to know whether your business is making a profit. Using computerized accounting, information can be accessed in a matter of minutes. Once data is available in the system, it can be used in reports, queries and analysis. Accuracy Computerized systems have drastically increased accuracy of calculations when compared to the traditional, manual system, in which columns had to be added up, numbers moved from one page to the next, and trial balance and financial statements manually compiled. If errors occurred, many hours had to be spent trying to find and correct them. With accounting software, this problem is eliminated. In the case of accounting spreadsheets, adding simple formulas still may be needed, but it is an easier and more accurate process. Efficiency goes through the roof when a computerized system is used. Costs The traditional manual accounting system with paper and pencil is cheaper than the computerized version, in which a firm needs a computer, software, printer and other expenses associated with a system. The manual system may work for small businesses up to a certain point, but with the affordable costs of computers and software, many firms are opting for the computerized system. They are easy to use, and finding experienced employees to run the system is not a hurdle. Backups When using a manual system, the risk of losing data is real. If important papers are damaged or destroyed, that work may have to be re-created. Copies of the original work can be made, but that could be expensive and time-consuming. Accounting on a computerized system offers the choice of saving work on a CD, portable or external hard drive, flash drive, or even online. Many firms back up data every night as a precaution. If something happens the next day, the data can be restored from the backup. Considerations Using a computerized accounting system keeps all of the information organized and in one place—the computer hard drive. Finding and accessing information on an accounting software program is much easier than the traditional method. Specific data can be found using system functions, which usually include a "find" or “search” key. For example, finding information about a vendor on a manual system could take many steps and significant time. The same process in a computerized system most likely would yield the information in a snap, with less confusion and aggravation

Ethical Issues in Psychology

Ethical Issues in Psychology Psychologists often work with vulnerable individuals in sensitive situations. An important step in becoming a mental health professional or consumer of psychological services is to be aware of the ethical issues faced by psychologists. If you are providing psychological services you are obligated to remain informed regarding current ethical standards or issues. If you are a consumer of psychological services, the professional should keep you informed regarding your rights.If you find yourself in a situation where ethical standards are being violated or have doubts regarding the correct course of action, consult with a colleague. The faculty of the College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University joint Psychology Department have identified several key ethical issues with which we believe our students should be familiar. This list is not complete and students will learn much more about ethical issues while going through the psychology curriculum. Near the end of their study, students are asked to demonstrate knowledge of these ethical issues as they apply them in their senior integrative experiences.COMPETENCE: Consumers of psychological services have the right to expect that the practitioner is competent to provide the services offered. Generally, competence is established through training, experience, supervised practice, or a combination of these activities. Any practitioner should be willing to discuss their competencies with any consumer of services and be ready to make referrals to others when an administration of tests like the MMPI or the Wechsler intelligence scales requires understanding of the intricacies of both administration and interpretation.Graduate course work and many hours of supervised practice are needed to acquire the necessary skills. The practitioner is also obligated to keep skills up to date with formal course work, reading, or other professional development activities. CONFIDENTIALITY: Psychologists and co nsumers of psychological services are frequently concerned about the issue of who is allowed to see and use information about individuals generated during research, consultation, or therapy.In most circumstances private information must be kept confidential, that is, it is not revealed to others. However, there are important exceptions to this, mandated by state law and court decisions, and it is important to be aware of them. These exceptions tend to concern situations in which information that is normally confidential can be used to prevent harm to another person. For example, if a client describes abusive behavior toward their children, the therapist is mandated to file a report with social services.Clients, themselves, need to be aware of both the requirements and the limits of confidentiality. INFORMED CONSENT: In their roles as researchers, therapists, and consultants, psychologists offer a variety of services. Informed consent is a central principle in these actions. This mea ns that consumers of psychological services have the right to know precisely what services are being offered, what benefits can be expected, and what risks are involved. After being so informed, consumers then have the right to refuse the services or terminate participation.In research, therapy, or other activities accompanied by some identifiable risk, consent needs to be in writing. When individuals, for some reason, can't give their consent, a surrogate or guardian may be allowed to consent for them. RELATIONSHIPS WITH VULNERABLE INDIVIDUALS: Psychologists frequently interact professionally with clients who are less powerful than themselves because of their age, species, emotional insecurities, intellectual ability, legal status, or other attributes.As a general rule, psychologists are expected to act in the best interests of such individuals, to avoid taking advantage of the vulnerabilities of clients, and to treat animal subjects humanely in accordance with accepted practice. A romantic relationship between a therapist and client is one way that this ethical principle may be violated and is one of the most common causes of lawsuits against therapists. A GENERAL CONCERN FOR ETHICAL PRACTICE: The issues outlined here provide a broad outline of ethical practice in psychology. Specific courses will elaborate on these issues and help you identify situations in which they apply.However, each individual, whether a practitioner or consumer of psychological services, needs to be aware of the role that ethical guidelines play in directing the application of psychology to the problems of the real world. We hope that awareness of specific ethical issues in psychology will broaden your view of the meaning of ethical behavior as it applies to any endeavor. Whether you go into politics, education, business, manufacturing, law, medicine, or any other vocation, you will need to take the time and effort to examine what you are doing in terms of its ethical implications and have the courage to confront unethical behavior.

Causes of XY females Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Causes of XY females - Essay Example Studd (2003) points out that earlier such condition was called Testicular Feminization Syndrome (TFS), but this is now being considered somewhat inappropriate and inaccurate because the testes are not known to produce feminizing factors. This phenomenon is therefore known as Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS). This insensitivity too is found to occur in varying measures in people. The condition when the Androgens find no response with age, is termed as Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS). The growth as an 'XY female' is considered as abnormal and hence put into the category of patients. Researchers have found that such patients lead a normal life till their abnormal condition is diagnosed by doctors. For example, when a form of male pseudohermaphroditism or testicular feminization syndrome is detected. In this case the androgen receptor sees mutations which in result in X-linked recessive form androgen insensitivity. The childhood of such persons remains quite normal but when the child enters the age of puberty, problem starts. In fact, normally even the parents fail to fathom the distinctive nature of their children and they come to know about it only when they visit specialist gynecologists in order to treat the sterile behavior. Abnormality in Androgen Receptor (AR) is stated to be the reason behind CAIS.

Clinical Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Clinical Psychology - Essay Example As the psychiatrist, it is necessary to initiate the talk in going back to the past negative experience of the patient. In doing so, the psychiatrist should first win the patient’s trust. Establishing ‘trust’ by being empathetic with the patient is necessary for the patient to open up his thoughts to the psychiatrist. Being empathic with the patient has to flow smoothly. It is important for the psychologist not to over do empathy since it could only lead the patient to maintain a distance with the psychiatrist. The psychiatric should carefully determine the culture of the patient. In general, culture is directly related to how the patient behaves and reacts on certain circumstances.1 For instance, as part of American culture, it is against the U.S. law for parents to physically hit any of their children. Therefore, there is a higher rate that individuals in the United States will grow up with a higher rate of speaking out their own emotional concerns. On the other hand, parents who are living in the Asian countries have a stronger hold on their children since these countries have a lesser chance of having a law stating that parents cannot physically hit their children. In fact, some parents in Asia are ‘spanking’ their children as part of disciplining them. Eventually, psychiatrist should be able to apply the psychic determinism theory since it is a fact that there will always be a reason behind how a person projects or see himself as an individual. The same theory can be applied concerning Mr. B’s negative feelings and outlook in life. In order for the psychiatrist to be successful in treating the patient, it is advisable to apply the cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). By allowing the patient to participate and open up the communication line with the psychiatrist, the patient is unconsciously releasing the underlying factors that

First semester essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

First semester - Essay Example In other words, whether the reports are prepared in conformity to all the material respects or not. The information is considered material if it has significant impact on the decision making process. If the omission of the information from the financial report can influence economic decision then the information is believed to be material (Williams, 2002). Materiality in auditing is the key concept to understand and evaluate for all the auditors. The job of auditors, whether internal or external, is to identify the materiality while making the audit report of the company. Materiality can be determined using qualitative aspects of the business. The qualitative aspect refers to the significance of a particular transaction which may not look big in size but may have importance because of the nature of the transaction (Zadek & Merme, 2003). There are various qualitative factors that are approached by the auditors to make realistic and authentic decisions. Some of the factors are (1) Likelihood of earning management, (2) Misstatement of share price, (3) Misstatement on projected earnings, (4) Likelihood of financial statement fraud, (5) Ineffective audit control culture, (6) Litigation risk, (7) Fraud detection or its symptoms etc. (Zabihollah & Riley, 2009) The nature of transaction can also be explained in terms of the disclosure regarding the financial transaction, which may not be significant in terms of size but lack of proper disclosure may have significant impact on the presentation of the business structure (Gupta, 2004). Now the question arises, how much the concept of materiality is important in audit process? The answer is explained using the literature review on materiality. The increase in requirement of information in more civilized financial market requires that more stringent audit process must be conducted to identify the facts on which the quality of the business process can be judged (Puncel, 2007). Therefore,

The World Bank is currently advising newly industrialized countries on Research Paper

The World Bank is currently advising newly industrialized countries on how to encourage growth and they have asked for your help - Research Paper Example Thus, through innovation, which is accompanied by patenting of the newly generated ideas or commodities, the firms eventually grow and obtain a reasonable market share for their products (Arora, Fosfuri, & Gambardella, 2001). Tax cuts and state financing is the other method that has been applied to promote the growth of firms in these countries. The governments of these countries have created institutions, for example the Economic Development Board in Singapore, which provides long and short term financing for firms, promotes industrial investment and creates an enabling environment, such as industrial estates for firms to operate (Arora, Fosfuri, & Gambardella, 2001). This way, firms are afforded an opportunity to thrive in the tough economic conditions through financial support, which enables them to grow and eventually become large companies. The most suitable method, which should be adopted by the firms in these countries to grow economically, is innovation. The rationale behind this is the fact that, innovation helps a firm to develop new products, services and ideas, which help it, compete effectively with other firms in the market, as opposed to government financing and support, which serves to increase competition (Arora, Fosfuri, & Gambardella,

Finance and Accounting Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Finance and Accounting - Term Paper Example SwissChoc SA (owned by a family friend) is prepared to give him exclusive rights to sell their products in the USA for a ten year period in return for an upfront payment. â€Å"The distributor is an independent selling agent who has a contract to sell the products of a manufacturer. The distributor cannot represent him- or herself as the producer but may display the producer's trade name in signage and in the sales situation† (US Legal, 2012). Since the information provided is not adequate, we have to make certain reasonable assumptions while working out the statements required in this respect. However, the lack of details in these areas is not materially going to affect the reliability of the statements. The assumptions made in this connection have been stated in the report to enable the user to bring in additional details, if it is felt necessary to have a more detailed report on the project. There is uncertainty in the price front as the details given with regard to prices at which the product could be sold are not specific. Instead George has given a price range with minimum and maximum prices for the products to be marketed. There are difficulties in predicting the correct prices due to interplay of the brands, price levels (cheap and costly with various price levels in between), market segments, tastes and flavors. Therefore, sensitivity analysis has been undertaken to highlight impacts due to variations in price realization with justifications for adopting a particular method for working out the reasonable upfront fee payable to the manufacturer – supplier SwissChoc SA and the return on investment that could be expected from the business venture of George. Cash flow statement for the first year of operations In The Statement – I, â€Å"Cash flow statement for the first year of the operations of Mr. George†, while considering various factors contributing to the cash flow, both in flow and out flow we have made certain assumptio ns after carefully considering various implications related to the business. Sale Price: The sale price is considered at $ 135 per kilogram of the chocolate. This is the mean price as per the price range given by George adopted for the purpose of our calculations. The mean price is worked out as below. Highest price = $ 150 Lowest price = $ 120 Average price adopted for calculation = (Highest price + Lowest price)/2 or (150 + 120) / 2 = 135. The chocolates are consumed mostly by the college and school going students. If the tastes and flavors are acceptable to them pricing is not going to be a prohibiting factor in taking a buying decision by them. Since George is an experienced person with business school background along with his wife, his price estimates should be realistic. Moreover, the Swiss made chocolates are reputed for their taste and quality. Therefore, there will not be any resistance from the parents for their children eating these chocolates. The price comparison for t his product would be very difficult as in the case of other fast moving consumer goods with different brands and varieties. The George’s internet business model by marketing completely through credit cards means that the people targeted are high end and sophisticated customers, where the quality and service are more important rather than the price. Therefore, adopting the average price, if not the highest price would be very reasonable. Capital account of George: The amount shown under capital

ECommerce and ECRM and eCommerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ECommerce and ECRM and eCommerce - Essay Example Businesses and other productive sectors used to experience problems carrying out their duties due the communication breakdown and the ineffective methods which used to exist (Barnes, 2000 P. 34). According to Mwenda (2004), for one to appreciate the importance the new computer-aided communication can have, he/she must consider the dynamics of the same in that, it has made the world a global village since every one of us can communicate with his/her accomplices every where they are instantly (P. 41). Businesses have been made efficient since the transactions are made over the net in a faster way than we could have imagined sometimes back, advertisements are nowadays being made over the net, which is cheap. The important sectors of our economies are now safe in terms of communication due to the coming of this technology. Internet has been used for so many beneficial activities in sports, culture and the general wellbeing oh the human race (Richmond, J 2003 P. 102). On the same note, websites are being used by organizations to market their products and also to carry out transactions. For them to be efficient they should be well planned for and the organization of the materials should be in order. In addition, it should be attractive for the users. Intuitive and good level of innovation as well as easy navigation is an important issue for every website that is to sell the ideas of an organization. Poorly designed web pages cause confusion, frustration and total dissatisfaction to would be potential customers. This can sometimes cause them to opt out of using your services and consider using that of your competitor. With website metrics data, a company can test different operations to see how potential customers react and view the data to determine the overall navigation style for your site to take a notch higher. The use of website metrics is also called website analytics and is a tool for enhancing customers experience as well as ensuring that

Qualifications & Selection Process for Judges in Illinois & Florida Essay

Qualifications & Selection Process for Judges in Illinois & Florida - Essay Example The candidate should also have a record of good behavior and integrity as well as capable of communicating both in spoken and written English. On condition that an individual does not meet the above named qualifications then it means that he or she is not eligible to vie for any judiciary position in the state of Illinois (Sara, 2005). The judiciary of Illinois consists of the supreme, appellate, and circuit courts. The judges are first elected through partisan elections where they are capable of serving ten year terms but on condition that there exist a vacancy on the court; then a supreme court appointment is necessary. The other serving justices have the role of electing the chief justice of the court where he serves for three years only. As for the appellate courts in Illinois, the conditions are similar in exception of the condition that the chief justice is only supposed to serve for one year term. The chief justice in circuit courts serves an indefinite term but the judges can serve a six year term (Charles & Maule, 2003). Judges in Illinois can be dismissed from work through an inquiry from the judicial board after complains are launched by the commission of the court. After a hearing, the commission has the authority to suspend or completely dismiss a judge from tenure if he or she is found to have acted in a substandard manner. Alternatively, judges can also be dismissed from work through a majority vote from the House of Representatives as well as a majority of two thirds of the senate vote (Sara, 2005). In Florida, the judicial system consists of four levels and in our case study we are going to limit our research on the first level; the level of a County Court Judge. To qualify for the position of a County Court Judge in Florida, an individual must have been a member of the Florida Bar for a period of not less than five years in addition to the fact that he or she must be a member of the county he or she is vying for to serve even

Should Laser Eye Surgery Be Encouraged Essay Example for Free

Should Laser Eye Surgery Be Encouraged Essay What is laser eye surgery? Laser eye surgery or laser corneal sculpting is a medical procedure that utilizes a laser to reshape the surface of the eye in order to improve or correct eye vision (Better Health Channel, 2011). Laser eye surgery has become prevalence and there are several types of treatment available. The most popular laser eye surgery is known as LASIK, which stands for laser in-situ keratomileusis. LASIK is an eye surgery that permanently changes the shape of the cornea to treat the variety of vision problem (Linda, 2012). The first laser eye surgery was done on a patient who suffered astigmatism and it was successfully performed by E. Faber, a Dutch surgeon. Today as we walk into the streets, we can see many people wearing glasses. There is a study in some areas, such as China, India and Malaysia that up to 41 per cent of the adult population is suffering refractive errors (News Medical, n. d. ). Most of them depend on glasses and contact lenses because they are having eye problems such as short-sightedness, long-sightedness, etc. It has reached a critical phenomenon in our neighbour country that is Singapore, where 90 per cent of young people are short-sighted, compared with 15 to 30 per cent in Europe and the U. S (Coghlan and Page, 2002). If they had the choice, they would like to be free of this dependence by correcting their vision. One of the solutions to solve eye problems is undergoing laser eye surgery. However, people still worry about the possible problems that will happen during laser eye surgery. Although laser eye surgery has many adverse effects, in actual it increases a patient’s living convenience and comfort, is highly effective and cost-efficient, and provides surgical patients an improved lifestyle. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to indicate the points of advocating laser eye surgery which could bring advantages in society. There is no doubt that wearing glasses or contact lenses has become a daily routine for many people. A normal eye vision has always been an unimaginable dream especially for those who are having eye sight problems. Therefore, it is common that people who are suffering from eye diseases consider the beneficial effects of having laser eye surgery to restore their vision back to normal. Laser eye surgery could free one from the hassle of wearing glasses. Especially for those who are active in sports, most of them prefer not to wear glasses or contact lenses because wearing contact lenses or glasses may affect their performance. For instance, people who engage in water sports such as swimming might not be able to enjoy themselves as water splashing is a problem. Apparently, taking up sports especially water sports are no longer suitable for people who need to wear glasses or contact lenses. Hence, laser eye surgery would be a favourable option for them. Contact lenses and glasses are no longer applicable in their lives after undergoing laser eye surgery. Furthermore, such activities as swimming and even spending a day at the beach become more pleasurable without the worries associated with corrective eyewear (Docshop, n. d. ). They do not need to worry about contact lenses drying off or glasses falling out, or need to prepare a spare pair of glasses or contact lenses after undergoing laser eye surgery. Patients are able to enjoy their life with a clear vision. In addition, people who have undergone laser eye surgery have found their vision improved. As a result, laser eye surgery improves convenience, comfort and productivity of their daily lives. For instance, people who suffer night-blindness are not able to drive at night. Also, glasses often steams up on cold nights. This has become a problem for people who are wearing glasses. People who are bothered by blurriness when driving a car are suitable to undergo laser eye surgery. As a result, they could drive easier especially at night. Ninety-nine per cent of all patients are able see well enough, independent of glasses, and able to drive a car by the next day of laser eye surgery (Laser Sight, n. d. ). They no longer need to rub their glasses while they are driving. Consequently, laser eye surgery could reduce the chances of car accidents. Besides, patients see increased confidence as their eye sight is nearly perfect after undergoing laser eye surgery. Laser eye surgery can be considered not only for people who have eye problems but also for cosmetic purposes especially for those who do not like to wear glasses. Some people may think that they would look better without wearing glasses. Even though contact lenses have the same function as glasses, sometimes wearing contact lenses may dry off and irritate their eyes. Furthermore, laser eye surgery could improve their social life. After undergoing laser eye surgery, many patients find that the ability to see more clearly than ever before help them to be more outgoing socially (DocShop, n. . ). They feel at ease in dimly-lit atmosphere especially for those people who are formerly disoriented while trying to see in a dark place. They also would have a better appearance without wearing glasses as glasses always been a ‘barrier’ in front of their eyes. Next, laser eye surgery is also highly effective and safe for most people. LASIK has been proven to be safe and effective for most people (Randleman, n. d. ). Ninety-nine percent of people who have had LASIK have excellent results (Carollo, 2010, cited in Dr. Robert, 2010). Ninety per cent of patients in between the age range of forty to sixty years old who underwent the LASIK procedure said they were happy with the results (Laino, 2011). With the advancement of technology, surgical success rate has increased. The professional skills and modern precautionary measures in addition alleviate the risks of laser eye surgery since there are many safety measures available. Hence, people should not be too worried about the risks of laser eye surgery, but to put more trust in today’s technology. Furthermore, as laser eye surgery has become more prevalent, the surgical costs have become more competitive. Many clinics reduce the surgical costs of laser eye surgery to a reasonable price so that it is affordable. Instead of comparing the qualification and standard of surgeon, usually people who are considering laser eye surgery will make price comparison so that they would not waste much money. There are also several parties that provide financial assistance and subsidies to help with those who need to undergo eye surgery. For instance, Lions Club International, Mission Cataract USA, Knights Templar Eye Foundation and many other organizations give out financial help to those who are having financial problem (Helaine, n. d. ). Government also gives subsidies for patients to undergo eye surgery at government hospitals or health institutes. With the aid by government and organizations, patients no longer worry about lack of insurance and they are able to undergo eye treatment. Apart from the costs of laser eye surgery, the efficiency of laser eye surgery is also considerable. For some people, time can be as valuable as money. Therefore, it is very common that many people worry how long it would take for a laser eye surgery. With the rapid advancement of technology, actually laser eye surgery is not time-consuming at all. Nowadays, the procedure of this surgery is fast. In most cases, laser eye surgery can be done within fifteen minutes for both eyes (Wachler, 2012). This means that the surgery only takes few minutes for both eyes. Furthermore, the healing process after undergoing laser eye surgery is fast too. If patients listen to the instructions and take good care of their yes, the recovery will only take a few days (Hamilton, 2011). Besides efficiency of laser eye surgery, it can be also a life-changing chance for the deprived. Laser eye surgery can be a turning point for those who are having difficulty in seeing distant objects. Some people who are born with poor eye vision or eye diseases can be corrected by undergoing laser eye surgery. Laser eye surgery may be necessary for those who are having se vere eye diseases to slow down the deterioration of eye vision. Their eyes will feel more comfortable after undergoing laser eye surgery. Most of the nearsighted patients who have undergone LASIK eye surgery will enjoy â€Å"good distance vision their whole life’ (Thau, 2011, cited in Dr. Salz, 2011). However, there are still groups of people who are against laser eye surgery. They strongly believe that going for laser eye surgery can lead to possibility of blindness. This could result from flap-related complications, equipment malfunction, infection, scarring, or extreme changes in corneal shape postoperatively (Randleman, n. d. ). Besides that, some of the patients who have undergone laser eye surgery might have their eye vision improved temporarily. Their eye sight problem might return after several years of surgery. This is more common in patients with hyperopia, or farsightedness (Randleman, n. d. ). Reading glasses are needed to prevent any changes in their vision after LASIK surgery. They may need to undergo an additional surgery after their initial LASIK. In actual fact, there are many safety measures available in this modern era, so people actually do not need to worry about the implications of laser eye surgery. Laser eye surgery has proven to be safe. It is an effective alternative to eye drops as a first-line treatment for patients (NEI Press Release, 1995). Besides, laser eye surgery has been available since the late ‘80s in Canada and it was approved in the US since 1995 (Soyouwanna, n. d. ). The number of patients increases every year and it is expected that over one million people have undergone the surgery in the United States. Normally, laser eye surgery is done by a licensed surgeon. Therefore, patients have remote chances of having complications. Actually with any surgical procedures, there are risks. People should understand any possible side effects or complications that might happen by undergoing laser eye surgery. With the rapid advancement of technology, the invention of laser eye surgery decreases the complication into a very low rate and it brings hope for those who are having eye sight problem. Nowadays, many scientists have invented new technologies in order to change the way the world operates. However, new technologies are not trustable. This is because people are unable to enhance the new technologies since they are all new. Even the professionals need some time to learn to utilize the new installations. The ability of a surgeon is more important than promoting the technology. Lack of ability and practice in handling new equipments might cause disastrous consequences to the patients. Insufficient of standard professionals also remain a difficulty for the department of ophthalmology. The ratio of ophthalmologists to population was 1:200,000 and that of mid-level ophthalmic personnel was 1:229,126 (Husainzada, 2007). The lack of human resources in eye care makes it unable to provide efficient eye medical services to the patients. This will likely affect the quality in delivering the medical care to the patients. At the same time, patients should do preparations before laser eye surgery. If people want to undergo laser eye surgery, they should find suitable qualified doctors. They should do more researches on surgical providers’ credentials and qualifications. The surgeon should be an experienced specialist. On the other fact is that if patients follow the instructions strictly, the complications can be reduced. Patients should know what they have to do or don’t for their surgery. With careful patient selection, reasonable expectations, and in the care of an experienced surgeon, most of the patients will be happy with their results (Randleman, n. d. ). Next, there are also some problems to be faced while considering laser eye surgery. Laser eye surgery can be the best way to restore one’s vision back to normal. Somehow, it may worsen the vision after undergoing laser eye surgery. For instance, glare is experienced by many laser eye surgery patients which results in decreased night vision (Dlxguard, n. d. ). They could not drive at night as they could not see clearly while they are driving. This condition could not be corrected by wearing glasses and contact lenses. Laser eye surgery, like any procedure, carries with it some degree of risk. On the other hand, side effects are uncommon and only happen on a small percentage of patients. There will be no significant vision loss if the condition is treated early. The procedure is generally accurate and precise because the laser is guided by a computer. According to a study done by at ARVO reporting on 1,510 eyes that underwent wavefront-guided LASIK using VisX CustomVue technology and IntraLase flaps and the results showed that 95. 6% of the eyes were 20/20 or better in three months (Helzner, 2010, cited in Dr. Probst, 2010). If the patients are really involved in any complications, enhancements can be done. Further treatment can improve the vision if it is treated early. Patients have to undergo additional surgery after initial surgery for a better vision. Somehow, most of the complications can be solved if it is discovered early. All in all, laser eye surgery not only increases a patient’s living convenience and comfort, it also provides surgical patients an improved lifestyle. In addition to that, it is highly effective and cost-efficient because it can reduce expenses in the long run. Hence, it is worth to pay for the surgery as it could change how a person sees the world differently with a perfect eye sight. The false beliefs of the risks of laser eye surgery should be corrected as people should understand that every surgical procedure has its risks. Nowadays, the technology has developed in many countries. This shows that the technology is trustable to be utilized as many safety measures are available. Patients should follow the precautionary steps to prevent any possible complications occur. Complications are rare. Even if it really happens, further treatment can be done. Therefore, laser eye surgery has become safer. In conclusion, laser eye surgery has beneficial effects for society and it is a better way to return their vision quickly. Eye is a unique creation of God. It is like a window that keeps us stay connected with this beautiful world to let us see what is happening around us. Nobody would ever want to be without vision. Hence, people should not neglect the importance of eye care. The discovery of laser eye surgery has revolutionized the eye care industry. Ever since, the laser eye surgery has become increasingly popular and people are looking forward for further improvement of laser eye surgery. The government and relevant authorities should implement strict regulatory enforcement, so as to ensure surgical providers comply with the required standards and safety measures. Individuals contemplating the surgery should also be aware of the potential risks and make informed decisions. Therefore, laser eye surgery should be encouraged as there are some beneficial effects for society, such as being highly economical and effective, improving patient’s appearance and productivity, as well as enhancing patient’s lifestyle.

Cross Cultural Beliefs About the Afterlife Essay Example for Free

Cross Cultural Beliefs About the Afterlife Essay Abstract A study of American undergraduates indicated that the beliefs about the nature of life after death were quite complicated. A 41-item questionnaire produced 12 independent groups of beliefs. Belief in an internal locus of control and that one’s life is owned by God were associated with a more positive view of the afterlife, as was being Roman Catholic rather than Protestant. The most common beliefs were that one is reunited with family and friends, that the afterlife is comforting, that there is Heaven and that the transition is peaceful, all believed by more than 90 percent of the students. The afterlife is an idea that the conscious or mind of a being continuous after physical death occurs. There are many different believes about how the afterlife will be and what effects that outcome. In many popular views, this continued existence often takes place in an immaterial or spiritual realm. Major views on the afterlife derive from religion. Deceased people are usually believed to go to a specific planet after death. Regardless of the lack of evidence that is typically believed to be determined by a God. This is based on their actions during physical life. In contrast, the term reincarnation refers to an afterlife in which only the â€Å"essence† of the being is preserved, and the â€Å"afterlife† is another life on Earth or possibly within the same universe. Lester, Aldrige, Aspenberg, Boyle, Radsniak, and Waldron (2001-2002) based their research proposal on what Flynn and Kunkel (1987) found. Flynn and Kunkel (1987) used data from about one thousand respondents in the 1983 from a General Social Survey to analyze beliefs that the people had for life after death. They found three groups of beliefs. One is Otherworldly: life of peace, tranquility, paradise of pleasure and delight, loving intellectual communication, union with god and reunion with loved ones. Worldly Rewards: life of intense action like it is here on earth but a paradise of pleasure and delight. The third group was No Rewards: life without many earthly joys, a pale, shadowy sort of life, spiritually involving mind and not the body. The researchers found that the type of belief held about life-after-death was related to social class, financial status, and a history of trauma. No recent studies were identified on this issue until Lester et al. (2001-2002). The designing of this study was made to explore and expand the beliefs that people held about life-after-death. They used a 21-item questionnaire of the concepts of the afterlife. In the first method the questionnaire was given to 50 students who were enrolled in social science undergraduate courses. The mean age was 23.8 years old and the participants were mainly white. In the first method nine factors ever extracted about beliefs about afterlife. There were three major findings from the research that was obtained. One was that 19.8 percent accounted for that the life is much like the life on earth. There is a good and an evil. Not everyone is equal and that there are material objects in the afterlife. 13.4 percent accounted for that the cause of death, rituals carried out for you, the physical and psychotically state at death has an effect on how the afterlife would be. Lastly 8.5 percent accounted for the belief that the afterlife is a specific place, there is a day of judgment, and there is eternal bliss and that that is the final destinations. The second method was designed to enlarge properties, increase sample size and explore other personality correlates of beliefs, specifically belief on external locus of control. The research study consisted of 152 male and180 female participants who were undergraduate students from the same state college as the participants in the first method. The second method was expanded into a 41-item questionnaire. The mean age in the second method was 22.5 years old and the participants were mainly white. In this method twelve factors were identified about beliefs about afterlife. Three of the major factors were that 12.1 percent believe in Heave and Hell. 7.9 percent believe in reincarnation and 6.6 percent believed that there ate material objects and sexual desire in the after life. The gender differences that were found are that men are not less likely to believe in afterlife but they were less likely to believe in Heaven, reuniting with loved ones, communication with the living and request for forgiveness before death. Men were more likely the women to believe that there are material objects, that spirits have human form, that there is pain, hunger, thirst and that rituals carried out after death are important. The religious differences they found were that Protestant students were less likely to believe in life-after-death then Roman Catholic students. On the other hand, Protestant students were more likely to believe that there is Hell and that forgiveness needs to be requested to get into Heaven.One of the strengths that this article has is that they provided a broad hypothesis. It was not specific and that gave them more room to play around with how they want to test the beliefs on life-after-death. They basically just wanted to explore from what was found in previous search on the afterlife and find more detailed data. Another strengths in this article were the specific questions that the participants were asked about their beliefs in the afterlife. The researchers made the questions into simple yes or no answer kinds. This made it easier for the participants to answer what they believe in about the afterlife and it also made it easier and clearer for the researchers to extract the exact data that they were looking for. Also the researchers conducted two methods. There were extra questions that were added also. This helped the researchers find other specific beliefs. Overall, having two methods gives a better view of what data is best to keep and present. The first weakness of this article is that the date was only consumed from one specific university. This has a major limit on how this data will be taken into account by others. When data is taken only from one part of he country it limits how credible the findings are and how they can be used in future research. Another weakness is that the researchers only conducted a questionnaire in their method to finding data on beliefs about the afterlife. Another weakness is that the sample size was small in the first method. It may be hard to compare data between method one and method two because they have significant difference in sample size. Lastly, a major weakness would be the data expenditure of only undergraduate students with mean ages of 23.8 and 22.5 within the two methods verses consuming data from many different age groups. Cross-cultural research on beliefs about the afterlife is one of the major directions that can be taken with this research topic just as it was done by: Ambwani, Warren, Gleaves, Benito and Fernandez (2007) in their research on fear of fatness across the world. The data they conducted showed differences in beliefs on what body shape is socially acceptable in the United Sates verses Spain. There are so many different religions, cultures and individual beliefs regarding how life should be lived and what will come out of that. Some religions do not believe in the afterlife at all and some believe that this life is just a test for what will be the ever-lasting life after death. These differences need to be taken into considerations and research on more to further our understanding about all the cultures in our environments. Another future directions that can be taken with beliefs about the afterlife can be of great importance to the medical fields in research. Patients that have experienced trauma in their lives may have very important data that can help understand why people may have the different thoughts and beliefs about how the afterlife will and what will be in it. Research Purpose Cross-cultural Research would be a key direction to take beliefs about afterlife on. This would assess the differences in beliefs about afterlife beyond America. Cross-cultural research is beneficial because it covers a much wider range of variations in cultural activities then other studies that are based on single societies. For this particular subject on afterlife a comparison between America and Croatia will be done. The cultural differences about what beliefs individuals hold will be taken. The purpose is to show how different cultures may have different dynamics in how they believe their life had effected the belief they hold on afterlife. Croatians compared to Americans on average will believe in afterlife more. Another proposal is to test participants that have experienced trauma verses participants that have not experienced trauma. This would show how experience of trauma can affect a person view on life and how they may feel about afterlife. For this particular research it would show the difference been the two countries and between experience with trauma and experience with no trauma. On average participants that have experienced trauma will have a greater belief in afterlife verses participants with no experience with trauma. Research Methods The budget for this research proposal is 12,000.00 dollars. There are 400 participants to which 20.00-dollar Starbucks gift card will be given. That is 40020, which equals 8,000.00 dollars. The money for the Starbucks gift cards will be transferred from here to Zagreb Croatia trough Bank of America free of charge. There are also four research assistants. Two native speaking Croatians that also speak English from the University of Zagreb and two Americans from Oakland University. Each of the assistants receive 1,000.00 dollars 41000, which equals to 4,000.00 for a total of 12,000.00-dollar research budget. The ideal characteristic for the participants in this research would be that they are college health college students that have a global point of view so that the date that will be collected from them is from a point of view that has seen more then just one way to live. The participants would also be ideal if they are completely honest about their answers since these are completely confidential items on the questionnaire. An equal amount of men and women would also be ideal. Although, that may be a difficult task it can be established by keeping track of how many men and women have come to take the online questionnaire. There will be 400 student participants will be chosen from America and Croatia. From America the participants will be gathered from Oakland University in Rochester Michigan and from Croatia the participants will be gathered from University of Zagreb in Zagreb. The participants will not be from a specific major study or group but randomly selected individuals. They will all be undergraduate students. There will be a total of 400 participants. Students will be split, 200 from Oakland University and 200 from University of Zagreb. The sampling methods will proceed in the fallowing order. The questionnaire will be taken online on a website make just for this research. The website that will be made by the Oakland Universities IT departments assistance free of charge. The online questionnaire will be taken individually in a room that will be provided for the research. This way the students do will feel more comfortable and less anxious about answering the questionnaire. There will be a research assistant present in that room during the time when participants take the online questionnaire to assist them of they have any questions about how to start the questionnaire and to assist them when they are done. After the participant completes the online questionnaire the research assistant will grant them with a twenty-dollar Starbucks gift card. The Measurements will be done with the questionnaire from method two of the original research study. The questionnaire will be back translated to Croatian. Items 1 to 41 will aid in determine if the participants believe in afterlife and what specific facts they believe about afterlife. How will the afterlife be? What will be in the afterlife? These items are very specific and will with no trouble help distinguish between participants that believe in afterlife verses those participants that do not in America and Croatia and it will help find the specifics that participants believe in about afterlife. Items that do not pertain to research purposes will be taken out and replaced with more appropriate items for the research. The participants will be asked to report their age. Also other items will be added to the questionnaire to fit the need for data consumption for the research of effect of trauma on participants and their beliefs (see appendix 1 for questionnaire items). Items 42 to 55 have been added to assist in finding the right data that is needed. These specific items in the questionnaire will help determine what kind of traumatic even the participant has experienced. Do they believe this has changed how they think and feel the afterlife will be like? Also a consent form and confidentiality agreement will be given to participants to sign. The data analytic plan will consist of Two-way ANOVA. A Two-way ANOVA of variance is an extension to the one-way analysis of variance. There are two independent variables. Some of the assumptions for Two-way ANOVA are that the population from which the samples are obtained must be somewhat normally distributed. The sample must be independent. The variance of population must be equal and the groups must have the same sample size. The two independent variables in Two-way ANOVA are called factors. The idea is that there are two variable, factors, that effect the dependent variable. Each factor will have two or more factors within it. For this research study the two independent variables (factors) are American students and Croatian students. Each of the factors has two other factors in it. In this case study the participants with trauma versus participants with no trauma are the factors within the independent variable. When using Two-way ANOVA the main effect, interaction effect and within variation are also establish. The main effect involves the independent variable one at a time. The interaction effect is the effect one factor has on the other factor. Lastly the within effect is the sum of squared within each treatment group. Two-way ANOVA will provide all the necessary dynamics need to aid in this research in finding and separating the data. The research procedure will consist of the fallowing method to assemble the participants and obtain the data needed. Back-translate the original questionnaire to Croatian. Invite participants to take part in the study via email and announcements by the staff member that are chosen as assistants in this study to their students in class. As participants walk in they will be guided to a computer in the designated room to take the online questionnair. Before participants take the online questionnaire they will be asked to sign a consent and confidentiality form. After taking the online questionnaire participants will receive their twenty-dollar Starbucks gift card. Then data will be collected and analyzed from America and Croatia. The significance of this research proposal is simply that it can be used in many ways for future research. This is simple because researching on culture always brings up interesting data apart from what the researches goal was to find in first place. However, to focus on the main significance of this research is health care. It is always the fasted growing field and the most advanced in technology but there is also always room for more improvement for people skills and knowledge about diversity. Being that America is the melting pot of the world, knowledge about cultural differences is always needed. This future direction can serve nurses and doctors and other medical professionals in understanding and communicating better with their patients. Since trauma is nothing new to the health care world it is a major fact that all health care professionals need to advance and keep getting educated about. Trauma has major effects on an individuals and it will have a major effect on what they believe after the traumatic experience. Some people may have come close to death in their traumatic experience. This might have taken them to the thought about what may be next? Is this it? These are just some of the questions people may wonder about. On the other hand people that have ever had major trauma may and may just have a broad belief about what they think the afterlife will be. Research on afterlife would benefit the medical fields in a great way. The nurses and other health care professionals would have a deeper understanding on what their patients that have chronic illnesses are feeling intrinsically. It would also give them a better chance of understanding different culture and know what the patient feels or does not feel comfortable with. This research can also benefit social worker and counselors and educators in connecting with their patients or students in a better way. Education about how traumatic experiences effect how people believe their afterlife will be can also be a factor of why they feel the way they do right now. This research will also open many more doors for future research on sub topics regarding afterlife and other interesting factors that may rise from this. Since there is not much research on afterlife this can be the icebreaker. References Ambwani, S., Warren, C., Gleaves, D., Benito, A., and Fernandez, M. (2008). Culture, Gender and Assesment of Fear of Fatness. European Journal of Psychological Assesment. 24, 81-87. Flynn, C. p., Kunkel, S. R. (1987). Deprivation, compensation, and conception of an afterlife. Sociological Analysis, 48, 58-72. Lester, D., Aldridge, M., Aspenberg, C., Boyle, K., Radsniak, P., and Waldron, C. (2002). What Is the Afterlife like? Undergraduates Believes about the Afterlife. Omega Center for the Study of Sluiced. 44, 113-126.

Development of Intermodal Transportation

Development of Intermodal Transportation A major factor underlying this transformation of freight transport is represented by the changes in the scale, in the composition, and in the structure of the American and global economies. The demand for transportation services has grown in response to the generally brisk performance of the US and global economies in this period. The US economy is becoming dominantly services-oriented, and shifting from mass manufacturing to high value-added custom manufacturing. The resulting combination of increasing information content and decreasing material intensity of goods changes the character and value of goods being moved. Further, the US and other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, in search of lower overall factor costs, have created global and regional free trade regimes, and globally organized production systems and value chains, which require speedy and timely movements of goods. These flows of goods are coordinated across national and global tra nsport nodes and links in order to support the smooth functioning of the globalized economy. Technological changes in the transport sector in the US have arrived in the form of the Interstate Highway System, the jet aircraft, the container and container ships, roll-on/roll-off vessels, and a variety of micro infrastructure to facilitate operations at seaports and airports. The use of information technology (IT) greatly enhances transport operator and system efficiency, offering not only speedier goods transport at declining costs but also the ability to integrate goods supply chains regionally and globally, while maintaining lean inventories. The third factor underlying the major changes in the freight system is the institutional and organizational restructuring of the transport system since the 1980s. Public policies to reform economic institutions by deregulating and privatizing the transport sector have stimulated technical innovations and enhanced productivity in that sector in the process lowering costs and improving speed and reliability. At the same time, two organizational innovations business logistical systems and intermodalism provide major sources of change in the freight sector. Intermodalism is desirable since inefficiencies in the freight sector impact upon the competitiveness of US firms in the transport and transport-using sectors. Intermodalism seeks to enhance the performance of the transportation system by increasing safety, reducing congestion and decreasing delays, thereby enabling more efficient freight and passenger trips (Hickling 1995). Greater efficiency translates into lower costs and an increase in the competitiveness of US firms in the global marketplace. The Intermodal Surface Transportation Act (ISTEA) emphasizes the importance of intermodalism and challenged the transportation authorities, at the federal, state and local levels in the US, to increase interconnectivity between the maritime, air and land transport modes, and thereby enhances the effectiveness of the total network. It is widely recognized in the US, in both industry and policy circles, that cooperation between transport modes has the potential to reduce congestion, especially in major freight corridors. While congestion problems result from a variety of factors, the concentration of production and trade in a relatively small number of metropolitan gateway cities, the increased dominance of a few ports, and the intermodal competition for the same freight, adds to the congestion. The traditional attitude toward infrastructure investment, namely building ones way out of congestion, has not been helpful since Transport integration across modes faces additional complex problems arising from institutional and regulatory choices made at several levels of the government, that is, federal, state and local. These choices, legacies of the past, currently impact upon the costs and the quality of service of freight movement, aspects particularly important during the current phase of increasing globalization. A more complete definition of intermodalism needs to incorporate the physical, institutional and informational elements that facilitate cargo shipments in a seamless manner across different modes. Thus, intermodalism can be more accurately defined as movement of cargo across a transportation network in which the physical, institutional and information infrastructures are integrated to reduce transaction costs and maximize operational efficiencies. Since seamless transport across modes is a major objective, this chapter discusses some of the obstacles to and many of the advances made towards fu rthering intermodalism in freight transport in the US. The major factor underlying the increasing demand for intermodalism is the globalization of the American economy. North America, Europe and other countries have built on the Bretton Woods system, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) to create a global free trade regime, including regional Preferential Trading Areas such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the EU and Mercosur. The industrialized countries, driven by the pressure to reduce overall factor costs in the competitive global economy, are using these open trading regimes to erect a globally distributed production system. There is increasing division of labour in the production processes as component activities are further disaggregated and spatially reallocated. This partition of the production process the slicing of the production value chain across national borders leads to different stages of production being carried out across several countries. The deregulation of the US transport sector since 1978- 80 has not only improved the performance of the various modes, but has also stimulated intermodalism. First, major changes occurred in the US in the conduct, performance and structure of airlines, trucking and railroads after deregulation: more competition among all modal carriers, lower prices, a wider set of service offerings, and new entry into most geographic and product markets. Carriers have been able to rationalize their networks, improve the efficiency of their operations, and set rates in line with competitive market conditions. There was a significant change in the cost structure of the railroad industry following deregulation, with productivity growing at well over 2 per cent a year (Bereskin 1996).

Albert Einstein :: biographies biography bio

Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany as the son of Pauline and Hermann Einstein. Albert was slow to talk. Family members remember that he didn't really start talking until he could speak in entire sentences. He would pause for long periods to gather his thoughts before speaking. His sister told stories of his hours of perseverance constructing houses from playing cards. One of his favorite childhood stories was about the wonder he felt the first time he saw a compass. The compass convinced him that there had to be "something behind things, something deeply hidden." At the age of 12, he was given a book on Euclidean plane geometry, which sparked his great wonder in mathematics and physics. His uncle was also a great influence in young Albert's life. He was an engineer and loved to talk about his work, which gave Albert great inspiration as a child. Einstein loved to learn, but hated the high school he was sent to in Munich. He generally got good grades and was one of the top students in mathematics, but could not stand the idea that success depended on memorization and the obedience of authority. Einstein taught himself most material at home where he had quite a collection of books on mathematics and physics. He was even told to leave school by one of his teachers because his presence caused a loss of respect for the teachers by his fellow students. In 1905 Einstein received his doctorate from the University of Zurich for a theoretical dissertation on the dimensions of molecules, and went on to become one the greatest scientists of the 20th century as well as winning the Nobel Prize. In 1933, he accepted a position at the new Institution for Advanced Study at Princeton, New Jersey where he stayed until his death in 1955. Was his brain different? This question plagued people for many years. Just before his death, Einstein gave permission to researchers to dissect his brain and look for abnormalities, but none were found. Later, in 1999, Sandra F. Witelson discovered he lacked a small wrinkle called the parietal operculum. She theorized that because of the absence of this wrinkle, other regions of his brain were able to develop more fully, possibly contributing to his incredible intelligence. "The human mind is not capable of grasping the Universe. We are like a little child entering a huge library. The walls are covered to the ceilings with books in many different tongues.

What an Interview Really Is :: Interviews Employment Workforce Essays

What an Interview Really Is One man, asked if he does much interviewing, thinks of the time he chose his secretary and of the day he had to counsel one of the management trainees- and answers ‘practically none’. Another man with a similar job thinks of the many informal discussions he has with his superior and with customers, with colleagues and subordinates- and answers that he is interviewing all the time. The difference lies not in their work but in their interpretation of the word interview. The interviewer must use the same skills, whether he is concerned with formal pre-arranged meetings typified by the selection interview, or with unprepared discussions with staff or visitors. Basically all these situations involve two people meeting to solve some problem. If they are to achieve anything one, and often both of them, must exercise various skills. For instance, they need to think clearly about what they are trying to do- whether they are concerned with selection or with an apparent injustice or with a failure to carry out some task. Then, if they are to exchange useful information, they must be able to inspire each other at least with some confidence and preferably with liking. Essential in formal interviewing, this skill is no less important in informal discussions. One party at least, preferably both, must be able to listen. The quality of relationships established in this way does much to establish the effectiveness of communication in an organization. Is traditions of relationships, its levels of morale and industrial peace are, establish or profoundly influenced by the many hundreds of brief meetings and discussions that are taking place within it all the time. Some interviews are so important that they have serious and long-term consequences for a company and for the personal fortunes of the individual concerned. The skills needed in all these types of communication are required everyone who has responsibility over others. They make for healthy constructive human groups and contribute immensely to the development of the individual. Types of Interviews Although we tend to think of selection interviewing as a conversation between two people there are several variations on this theme. Ã ¼ Individual, or one-to-one, interviews These are by far the most common, and offer the best opportunity for rapport to be developed between the interviewer and the candidate. They do, however have a number of problems. For instance, if the interviewer lacked objectivity, then since he is the sole judge this weakness will go unchecked.

Rural-Urban Inequality in Contemporary China Essay -- impact of PRC Hok

Introduction -- The Summary of the Reading Materials: 　　The PRC hukou system, whose formal name is â€Å"huji† system, institutionally divides and organizes the Chinese people. To fully appreciate the significance of the hukou system, however, is not easy, even though many, especially those who have lived under the system, can vividly and endlessly attest its mighty presence. For it extensively and powerfully affects almost every aspect of the Chinese society and way of life. In this process, the hukou system tends to generate multifaceted, sometimes even contradictory and conflicting effects on China’s politics, economy, and social life.In politics,the PRC hukou system established stability, authoritarianism, and Elite Class. In economics, the hukou system has allowed the PRC to circumvent the Lewis Transition (also known as Lewis turning point, made in 1968 by Lewis, describes with the growth of rural economic , cheap labor after being fully absorbed, their wages will rise significantly. Lewis displayed wit h this theory of industrialization and urbanization are the best means to combat rural poverty) and hence to enjoy rapid economic growth and technological sophistication in a dual economy with the existence of massive surplus labor, however, the hukou system has created tremendous irrationalities, imbalances, and waste in the Chinese economy and barriers to further development of the Chinese market. At the same time, the PRC hukou system has generated a regionally uneven development and spatial inequality, such as the capita income gap, legal minimum wages, the amount of Welfare Pay. The PRC hukou system made a horizontal stratification in social life: Chinese culture, social stratification, and social norms and values have all d... ... new resources to finally overcome the wide cleavage between rural and urban that has characterized Chinese society since the 1950s, only a sketchy overview pf some the initiatives will be presented. 　　 Conclusion 　　Unlike population registration systems in many other countries, the PRC hukou system was designed not merely to provide population statistics and identify personal status, but also directly to regulate population distribution and serve many other important objectives desired by the state. In fact, the hukou system is one of the major tools of social control employed by the state. Its functions go far beyond simply controlling population mobility. Through nearly fifty-year’s development, the PRC hukou system constituted rural-urban inequality in contemporary China, which has been bringing profound influences on Chinese politics, economics, and social life.

Impact of Media

Media plays a significant role in our society in the present scenario. It is all around us, from the shows we watch on television, the music we listen to on the radio, to the books and magazines we read each day. Television, more than any of the other Medias, achieves myriad different goals.We live in a fascinating world and an even more fascinating society. In this day and age, life without technology feels utterly impossible and life without the media is simply unimaginable. Media provides us with entertainment, information and comfort.The media influences people in different ways, some positive and some negative. It is important to realize although media can have a positive effect on society too much exposure to television, computers, or magazines can lead to unhealthy effects. The media gives people a way to connect with one another through news updates or even social networking. Most everyone wakes up in the morning grabs the newspaper, computer, or flips on the television to ed ucate themselves on the worldly happenings of that day. Research has revealed that media is responsible for influencing a major part of our daily life. Media contribute to a transformation in the cultural and social values of the masses. Media can bring about a change in the attitudes and beliefs of the common man. Media has a direct impact over the lifestyle of society.†POSTIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPACT ON MEDIAAn individual developmental level is a critical factor in determining whether the medium will have positive or negative effects.Research conclusion are given by the physician†¢Physicians can change and improve children’s television viewing habits. †¢Canadian children watch excessive amounts of television. †¢There is a relationship between watching violent television programming and an increase in violent behaviour by children. †¢Excessive television watching contributes to the increased incidence of obesity. †¢Excessive television watching may have a deleterious effect on learning and academic performance. †¢Television is an effective way of advertising products of various ages.The media like television, radio and the Internet increase an overall  awareness of the masses. They enhance the general knowledge by providing us with information from all over the world. News broadcast through different media helps us know about the day-to-day events in the world. News, tele-films and documentaries revolving around social issues increase a social awareness in children and develop their concern towards society.Media serve as the best means for a speedy spread of news about important incidents or events. The news that has happened in the remotest corner of the world can reach us within minutes.Movies and television programs often show characters using drugs and alcohol and engaging in violent behaviors. At a developmental stage when teens seek greater freedom and independence, the glorification of drugs, alcohol, risky sexu al and violent behaviors in the media make it challenging for teens to make responsible behavioral choices.CONCLUSIONMass media has become an integral part of our lives and can not be separated from our life. Particularly for the urban people, the need for information is more important than ever. Our values and way of life in the society in this information era are strongly influenced by the mass media like newspapers, TV, radio, video, and the internet. The full range of unfiltered media is now available to most of us by using a parabola and satellite transmission. We can buy many kinds of videos freely. Access to the internet is easy and inexpensive almost everywhere.We can find many kinds of information using the internet technology. Media is the most powerful tool of communication. It helps promoting the right things on right time. It gives a real exposure to the mass audience about what is right or wrong. Even though media is linked with spreading fake news like a fire, but on the safe side, it helps a lot to inform us about the realities as well. There is a positive and negative side in every activity. Depends upon the individual, the media have both the sides to use in right and wrong way.

Principles Of Supporting Business Events

Section 1 – Understand how to support the organisation of a business event1. When organising a business event, describe the range of support activities that may be required.When planning a business event you should find out how many people are coming then book the right venue. Organise the catering i.e. food and drink for the right amount of people. Book any accommodation for the people that may have travelled from overseas or can’t make same day travel. Arrange the guest speaker. Publicise the event to make people aware of the date/time/place. Name the guest speakers2. Complete the table below by identifying two ways of providing support before, during and after a business event.Before During After1.  Send out meeting invites With RSVP to know how many people will be coming. Always greet people with a smile and be polite. Be approachable1. Talk to individual parties/companies get their feedback and thank them or coming2.  Make sure the venue you book caters for eve ryone and has everything you need and the room isn’t too big/small for the amount of people coming 2. Sign people in, issue everyone with a name badge/information pack. Show people where to sit if you have allocated sitting plan.2. Review the event with your colleagues, this way you can find out if anything need to be improvedSection 2 – Understand the purpose of displaying professional and helpful behaviour whilst supporting a business event and how to do so1. Explain the purpose of displaying professional and helpful behaviour when supporting a business event.How you behave will affect the event and your business, if your friendly and polite and well groomed then this well make you more approachable for others to come and ask questions about the event. When talking make sure you always speak clearly, make eye contact and always have a smile e.g. you will more likely get support for similar events and also promote and advertise your business which is one of the main p urpose of organizing an event/meeting2. Describe ways of exhibiting professional and helpful behaviour whilst supporting a business event.All staff is well presented i.e. clean, well groomed. Greeting people as they come in, hand out all information packs name badges, smile make eye contact when spoken to be polite, speaking clearly so people can understand you. Have a friendly approach. Having a positive attitude gives a positive outcome.Section 3 – Understand how to deal with problems encountered when supporting a business event1. What are the main types of problems that may occur when supporting a business event? You should include at least three different types of problems in your answer.Process problemOrganising an event it’s always important to ask about any special requirement people may have limited mobility/disability e.g. Wheelchair accesses and disabled toilets and emergency exits, and any visually impaired and hearing problems. or have dietary NeedEquipment problemsThe event requires catering then the failure of kitchen equipment may result in people not have the right refreshments or foodPeople problemsLate or absent people can have an effect on the whole outcome of the event,  such as people turning up late means late start to the meetings staff in the wrong place at the wrong time2. Identify possible solutions for each of the problems you have listed in Question 1 above.Process problemFinding out any special requests before hand is important such as people with limited mobility need to be able to access all area such as entrance, toilets. People with eyesight problems should have a choice to sit near to the front if the meeting/event has visual equipment. Find out if anyone had dietary restrictions such as vegetarian, diabetes, any allergies.Equipment problemsCheck the Equipment is in fully working order before you start the meeting/event. People who are properly refreshed and fed are more than likely to enjoy the event/meeting a nd make more of a contribution.People problemsPeople arriving on time means everything can run smoothly and staff will be in the right place at the right time if the staffs have more than one area to cover. And the meeting/event can go ahead as planned at the planned timeIt is also to remain calm and apologise to the people attending the event/meeting to all the above and make sure it doesn’t happen again

Civil Liberties vs National Security

In U. S. , the bill of rights protects civil liberties. People in the United States, hold civil rights, which are those privileges, immunities and rights held by all Americans and political rights, which are the rights that are restricted to those who are entitled to participate in elections, as candidates or voters. The distinction is important since not all are eligible to vote though they all should enjoy their freedoms. This may no longer be feasible as majority of the civil rights are taken to include the political rghts in this age. National security can be defined as a country's need to maintain its survival by use of military, political and economic power for diplomacy. Civil liberty are freedoms and rights exercised by individuals in any country provided by their country's legislation or international laws, for example the right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of expression, the right to privacy, the right to security and liberty and many more. National security issues arose after the second world war in the united states of America with initial emphasis on the military. For any country in this day and age, national security encompasses energy security, economic security, environmental security and many more. Security threats range not only from external states but also from illegal drug cartels, multi-national organizations and terrorists groups. The civil liberty concepts are protected under a country's constitution, bill of rights. Other legal legislation are also adopted by country's to uphold this civil liberties by giving effect to international laws passed in conventions such as the International Covenant and Political Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights. The protection of civil rights is deemed as the responsibility of a country's people and government. The extent of some civil liberties, such as reproductive rights, property rights and several others are subject of debate. The debate of whether or not civil liberties should or can be infringed to ensure national security has been subject to never ending debate. The extent to which civil liberties can be altered and, or suspended with respect to the security of a nations interests calls for a reat deal of care in striking the correct balance. Posner (2001) disputes the ideology of civil libertarians that national security will lead to an erosion of civil liberties. He proposes that the basic mistake is the prioritizing of liberty and is both a mistake about history as well as law when it comes to striking the needed balance between civil freedoms and national security. In his view, under law, these civil rights can rarely be altered to suit the time within which they exist to uphold the same rights as before. Cole (2002), in contrast states that the nation's response to national security threats has time and again infringed civil rights. The Supreme Court of the United State's in tandem acknowledges that, â€Å"History abundantly documents the tendency of Government, however benevolent and benign its motives -to view with suspicion those who most fervently dispute its policies. † that said, this is not a problem that is unique to the United States, but the constitutional structures, political will and religious structures do not protect the people's rights. He further points out that our governments subvert the freedoms that constitute the defense in the well being of a nation. Glenn Greenwald talks of the misconception of combating terror in the name of national security while upholding civil liberties. He emphasis that the meaning of this civil rights has been distorted and often misunderstood due to the description of combating terrorism to preserve national security. The meaning of terrorism has been built on the notion that, if one was not on our side then they were definitely against us. This has grown fear within people that infringe on basic human rights e. g of residence, movement, expression, association and many more. The misinterpretation of upholding national security ends up marginalizing and curtailing the freedoms of some of the patriotic residents who may be involved directly or indirectly with particular religions and groups seen as potential threats. The F. B. I, has significant legal powers, excellent resources, and a jurisdiction that has overseas coverage. They have in recent years penetrated and prosecuted many organized criminal gangs, uncovered public corruption and successfully caught up with terror attacks. Still the same F. B. I has curtailed the basic freedoms of association, speech e. t. c The bureau while protecting their national security freedoms has infringed the human rights by disrupting and neutralizing peaceful protests. It has more so focused its resources on neutralizing and curbing political activity other than investigate criminal activities. The force, does not have accountability to the the public while incriminates on the basis of association instead of relying hard facts and evidence to get hold of the real criminals. The adoption of legislation such as the Anti-terrorism Act (1996), is a good indicator of past injustices and the unrestricted investigations by the bureau based on political agendas. The Act's deliberate criminalization of peaceful activity gave the F. B. I. leverage to involve itself in the religious, ethnic and political grouping involving themselves in peaceful and humanitarian work. Afterwards, it grew to encourage politically motivated investigations. The deportation and exclusion of immigrants on the basis of guilt of association completely discredits the protection of the civil rights. Other legislations such as the enactment of the secret evidence against alleged terrorists infringed on their basic freedoms e. g the right to confront one's accusers. For any society, political freedom is key, thus allowing peaceful ways to express their dissatisfaction which in turn initiates social change. Civil rights have been infringed since the legal regime established under Presidents Roosevelt, Truman and Eisenhower who facilitated the worst abuses in the FBI's history, and eventually led to reforms. The FBI under new and better legislation undertook an intensive campaign with the aim of capturing suspected Communists,. The committees that were set up drew up lists and constructed links among organizations. They were confronted with incriminating evidence with no room for self defense and compelling testimonies from individuals who lost their jobs if they did not agree to testify, and to some extent were locked up. Posner insists that these freedom should be curtailed up to the point where the benefits outweigh the costs of reduced liberty. In all this, legislation ought to be responsible as well as the officials so that they maintain the balance between the civil liberties and national security. History depicts officials generally exaggerate the dangers to the country's security which is not entirely true. Officials tasked with the responsibility to estimate the occurrences and magnitude of these dangers failed, thus led to the occurrences e. the civil war of Japan on the U. S that led to the distraction at Pearl Harbor,of Soviet espionage in the 1940s, the September 11 attacks and many more. The Government in times of crisis, will exercise its power to conduct a comprehensive domestic intelligence. The difference between legal dissent and criminal conduct is often forgotten. The work of the church, is to recommend means to make sure that the distinction will always be observed. The unfortunate bit arises when, you incompatible and outdated ways to deal with issues that threaten your national security. Legislations that deem an individual guilty by association of group, color, race, religion should be put aside to ensure that the fundamental rights of each human being are respected and up held. In the ongoing balancing debate between civil liberties and national security is never ending. However, the constitution has an already balanced point between personal freedoms and government power. Hence the curtailing of individual rights is a personal decision or the government's irresponsibility with the power vested in it by the same people it ought to protect. Anti-terrorism can be used as a measure to the extent of infringing right. Despite the intense war to eradicate terrorism everywhere, the terrorist threat in reality cannot be eliminated. We need to come up with very good responses. However, this should be careful planned out and executed to avoid sacrificing the fundamental principles that constitute our democratic identity. Otherwise, it is best is to follow our liberal principles, to use the set criminal laws to punish and prosecute those who plan or carry out violent deeds and encourage critics of our government into the practice of tolerance and democracy.

Creation of New Markets by Diversity

From the beginning of this world we have seen or to put it more correctly heard of God creation of this world. This demonstrates the immense power of imagination possessed by God. His imagination is unequal to anything we can think of and he has managed and maintained everything up to this day. We are all given a small amount of this God given creative power. Some of us just happened to never see pass our limitations and allow our imagination power to grow freely. Persons that have good imagination or creative ideas are needed in today†s business world of fast changing demands and supply. Business calls for managers and employees with quick minds that know how to solves problems quickly and their imagination are not limited. Being creative provides numerous benefits for companies and that the management level it should be replicated down to the levels of employees level. What precisely is creativity, one might ask? Basically it is that processes of generating new ideas. It does not matter what that idea might be once it is a bit different from what was their already it†s a creative idea. Sometimes creativity is confused with innovation, which is about planning and implementing ideas. By being creative with in companies and businesses the amount of benefits increases. Not being creative set back companies to the classic school of management, which does not produce much growth for cutting edge businesses that wish to excel. Creation of new markets by diversity is a benefit that creativity brings about. As it can be seen in 3M case on page 35 of the Management organization textbook. This small mining company 3M (Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company) was nearly bankrupt but due to the quick reaction by management things were quickly turned around from heading down hill. Seeing that thing were failing in the mining venture they made a key decision to turn from that and focus on the mine†s output- abrasive grit. This carried them off into focusing on sandpaper and grinding wheels. These areas were also somewhat difficult. Over time the company continued to experiment with a Varity of products ideas. Many of there ideas came from its employees and customers. In this we can see that they implemented more recent schools of management theories such as behavioral, system, and contingency. Management listened to its employees and customers. Which does not happen in the classical school. New ideas helped this saved this company but most importantly of all was that willingness to accept and implement these ideas by management. With creativity skills business are able to use or see new ways of satisfying their customers needs. Managers should know that the survival and profitability of their organization are directly linked to meeting or exceeding customers needs and expectations. They satisfy customers by guaranteeing that all individual efforts and their results posses guilty. This can be demonstrated in the automotive industry. From the early ages of this automotive industry it can be seen that different ideas in creative design have lead to some of the most successful automotive companies. Toyota by using new fuel-efficient technology produces cares that run longer distances with the same amount of fuel. This attracts customers because they can use the some amount of fuel and increase mileage of their travel. Hereby we see that the ultimate goal is achieved increased revenue by the creative power of new idea and innovation in technology. Increased revenue is usually the goal of many business companies and by implementing new ideas and new and more efficient way of carrying on business organizations can move forward. In the 21st century without managers and employees who do not think that they are creative need to really â€Å"check if they still want to have jobs†. As given in the hand out there are basically 3 saying which limit persons thinking they are 1. I†m not creative. 2. I don†t know how to be creative. 3. It†s not ok to e creative around there. We need to overcome these limits and release our minds from these mental blocks. The creative powers are instilled in each of us as children but because of lack of use or prohibition of use. Some of use grow up thinking so logical (lift side brain thinking) that we need to practice to be creative. The (right side brain thinking) the creative side need to be use along side the left side to create the most fantastic results. It is the managers position to instill and encourage creativity at all levels of management. First line or operating management level will have to be more creative than that top and middle management. This is because they are the supervisor team leaders. Who over see the work of non-management people. Organizations or businesses can do a wide Varity of thing to increase creativity. The simple structured techniques like brain storming and mind mapping are good places to start. Some other methods used to access creative potentials are storytelling, dance, mask work, visualization, poetry, painting, sculpting and metaphor. It is also important to note that some methods will work will with certain organizations and others will not. Creativity as seen is an essential core requirement to the survival in the business world. More and more person and organizations are realizing this and taping into this natural skill and reaping the benefits. Therefore as student†s teachers, workers and managers we should all encourage and promote these creative powers.

Do We Need Education For Sustainable Living Environmental Sciences Essay

Sustainable life is about a life style that reduces an person ‘s or society ‘s usage of planetary natural resources ( Ainoa et al. 2009 ) . For sustainable life, we should carry on our lives in ways that are consistent with the nucleus rules of sustainability, in natural balance and respectful of humanity ‘s symbiotic relationship with the Earth ‘s natural ecology and biological rhythms ( CELL, 2010? ) . Such a life manner requires that we make serious efforts to cut down our C footmark by changing diet, energy ingestion and transit methods ( Winter, 2007 ) . Brown ( ? ? ? ) has described sustainable life in the twenty-first century as switching to a renewable energy-based, reuse/recycle economic system with a diversified conveyance system. It is by and large recognized that instruction is the most of import factor in bettering the quality of life and for heightening chances for single development. However, it has merely late been realized that instruction is the decisive factor in turn toing the present crisis related to environmental instability. The extent of the planetary environmental debasement crisis has merely come into focal point because of the multiple and repeated dismaies being raised over the effects of clime alteration. However, turn toing the multiple menaces to the sustainability of humanity within the twenty-first century is an tremendous challenge affecting educating and re-educating people on a battalion of complex and inter-related constructs. Education must hold a dominant function in traveling towards sustainable life since it is the individual most of import factor in bettering the quality of life. Science instruction is indispensable in accomplishing societal development through environmental co nsciousness. Education must be the advocator for environmental sustainability being a moral duty for all. Traveling towards environmental sustainability involves educating communities on the strength of present environmental debasement and actuating them to cut down their ecological footmark based on acquired cognition and experience. Higher instruction is peculiarly relevant to work outing the crisis of clime alteration ( Hales, 2008 ) . It is seasonably that higher instruction should concentrate on scientific discipline and technology for the development of new engineerings for preservation of H2O and energy supplied and learn communities how to populate and work sustainably. Specially structured educational plans are needed. These should be multidisciplinary to cover all facets that relate to sustainable life, must holistically turn to the entire energy, H2O and C footmarks of lifestyle picks, and explicate how these picks, determinations and behaviors affect natural resources, s ocietal equity and economic development. Further, extension plans must move as theoretical accounts for others to follow and assist communities ‘walk the talk ‘ ( Crosby et al. , 2008 ) . This chapter is an effort to stress the most important facets of instruction associated with traveling toward sustainability.What is sustainability?Sustainability has different significances for different people and has merely late come into crisp focal point following concerns on ‘climate alteration ‘ and the effects for sustainability of humanity. Unfortunately, the clime alteration argument has overshadowed the more of import argument on the sustainability of the environment. Over the last two centuries, the environment has been seen as self-sufficient and a resource to be exploited and consumed. Merely in recent decennaries has the environment been acknowledged as being earnestly stressed and threatened, and in pressing demand for preservation and regeneration. Despite the present widespread acknowledgment of planetary environmental debasement being caused by human disregard, there is intense argument on how environmental preservation and regeneration can be achieved both now and in the hereafter. This argument is frustrated by a deficiency of a matter-of-fact definition of ‘sustainability ‘ , peculiarly in relation to sustainable environmental development. The much quoted Brundtlund Report definition published in 1987 was the first to associate ‘sustainable development ‘ to ‘social duty ‘ : ‘sustainable development means keeping the demands of the present coevals without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their demands ‘ . However, the ‘needs of the present coevals ‘ are many and diverse and include nutrient, H2O, energy and money among others. These demands have already exceeded the resources on which they depend and so the ability of future coevalss to run into their demands is already compromised. Following such a loose definition of sustainability, there has been go oning dismay on the disparity of the demands of the rich compared to those of the hapless and on ‘what ‘ should be sustained and precedences of prolonging. The world is that present population growing, alien life styles and inordinate ingestion of resources are non sustainable but to make sustainability remains an elusive aim. It is obvious that there is an pressing demand to travel towards sustainability based on major alterations to the present dominant societal and community values. The utmost dedication of communities to devour resources must alter to preservation of resources coupled with wealth accretion altering to wealth distribution to help in shuting the spread between the ‘haves ‘ and ‘have-nots ‘ . Hence, sustainability should be driven by ‘people power ‘ . Sustainability besides implies alterations of attitude and accent on perceptual experiences of the significance of ‘economic growing ‘ . This has long been associated with increased trade and industrial development which have produced a downward spiral of increased poorness and progressive environmental debasement. Economic growing has to be measured in footings of run intoing the indispensable demands of humanity without heightening environmental debasement together with greater equity in the distribution of economic benefits. Social justness is a important constituent of sustainability. Sustainability is chiefly dependent on the saving of the diverse and complex ecosystems which make up the planetary ecosphere. These delicate systems are under unprecedented emphasis as a effect of the relentless demands for cleared land for lodging and industry, the increasing demands for fossil fuels for energy coevals and the burgeoning demand for nutrient from grain harvests and for fish from the oceans. It is merely because of the comparatively recent dismay bells sounded by the onslaught of clime alteration that irreversible environmental debasement has been to the full recognized and appreciated but alas, non to the full understood. In order to stress the graduated table of debasement and its correlativity with human impact, a new slang has emerged that of ‘ecological footmark ‘ which is a step of the ecological capacity of persons. At present, even the crudest estimations of ecological footmarks indicate that the developed states of the universe are populating bey ond their ecological capacity and are therefore populating on borrowed clip. Sustainability necessarily involves ‘government ‘ at all degrees and requires democratic revival to bring forth sustainable, accountable and just signifiers of capitalist economy which activate societal reforms and advance ecological consciousness. There is a common perceptual experience that engineering will work out the sustainability issue but this is a misconception since although engineering can help traveling towards sustainability, it is non the one-sided counterpoison. Further, accomplishing sustainability is non a ‘quick hole ‘ phenomenon but a drawn-out and unsure journey affecting dedicated committedness of people and resources. It is already clear that the rate of technological development in extenuating clime alteration is non consistent with the magnitude of job. Put merely, to cut down ‘carbon emanations ‘ agencies ‘capturing C dioxide and deviating it from the ambiance ‘ . These two operations need to be both technologically and economically executable and require clip devouring research coupled with advanced schemes to commercialize new scientific finds. Although a touchable definition of sustainability is elusive, it does hold many aspects all related to prolonging the environment as the top precedence. Therefore, instruction for traveling toward sustainability besides has many aspects which are best illustrated by the bunch chart shown in Figure 1 and a brief treatment of each constituent of this bunch follows. Fig. 1 Cluster diagram to depict the constituents of instruction associated with sustainability.Education for sustainable environmentsProlonging humanity in the twenty-first century depends on prolonging the environment as the top precedence so as to continue its resources. In simple footings, continuing these resources means that sustainable consumable outputs are provided but that the ingestion rate does non transcend the regeneration rate. Similarly, non-renewable resources must be preserved which means that the ingestion rate is balanced by the production rate of renewable resources. In concurrence with these equilibrating schemes, it is necessary to guarantee that waste coevals does non transcend the assimilation rate of the environment. Clearly the present crisis of ague and widespread environmental debasement is the consequence of these three factors being ignored over many decennaries. The environment in all its dimensions is degrading globally. Atmospheric pollution has been of major concern for many decennaries but has now reached new highs of concern following the widespread concern on the effects of clime alteration. The chief cause of clime alteration is believed to be due to the inordinate physique up of C dioxide in the lower ambiance caused chiefly by the inordinate burning of fossil fuels for the production of energy. However, C dioxide is non the lone known nursery gas, methane is besides a potent heat storage gas along with H2O vapour. This fact entirely is sufficient for much complacence within the clime alteration argument and poses extra challenges for clime alteration pedagogues. Whether or non climate alteration is a world is irrelevant in the context of environmental sustainability since all factors which disturb the equilibrium of the environment which has been established over millenaries have to be considered and addressed. Loss of biodiversity from the land arises mostly from habitat loss and atomization produced by overexploitation of land for development, forestry and agribusiness. This is blazing transition of natural capital to investing capital and although there has been widespread disapprobation of devastation of the rain-forests of the universe for decennaries, the worlds of such desolation are merely now going to the full evident as are the effects of ‘intensive agribusiness ‘ which reduces dirt quality at dismaying rates. It is dry that forests conserve biodiversity, preserve H2O and dirt quality, supply a broad assortment of merchandises and, above all, produce atmospheric O by photosynthesis and yet these commissariats still have no touchable market value as compared with the economic benefits of logging and land glade which straight increase atmospheric C dioxide concentrations. Such are the challenges for sustainability instruction, since the mentalities of developers and econ omic experts clearly have to alter and natural resources need to be ‘priced ‘ sufficiently high to guarantee their saving. Similarly, H2O resources globally are at crisis point. Freshwater is indispensable for human life but at best, it is less than 5 % of the planetary resource. Excessive usage of fresh water supplies for irrigation has markedly affected the wellness of river systems chiefly by cut downing flow rates which in bend topographic points emphasis on wetland systems. Further, natural implosion therapy of river inundation fields has been curtailed by the building of dikes and weirs which further control river flow rates and therefore topographic point terrible emphasis on critical river ecosystem resources. It is once more dry that many of these aquatic ecosystems have been studied in item over several decennaries but it is merely relatively late that inter-dependence of these ecosystems has been appreciated and value of biodiversity as a realistic step of environmental wellness realized. Further, the Marine environment is besides undergoing rapid debasement which is most evident from the dimi nution in the figure of fish species as a consequence of over-fishing with the coming of spiller engineering and unsustainable fishing patterns. Although the recent addition in success of aquaculture has and will go on to turn to this instability, it is clear that more terrible international statutory controls on fishing are required together with the execution of sustainable fishing practices- both of which depend on international understandings and pacts which are hard to accomplish and implement.Education for sustainable economic systemsThe supreme challenge for sustainable life in the twenty-first century is to control inordinate ingestion in the developed universe whilst raising living criterions in the underdeveloped universe without a net addition in ingestion of natural resources and environmental impact. Historically, life criterions have correlated with economic growing and environmental debasement, and so moving towards sustainable life is at best challenging and at worst , impossible. Again, instruction is required to alter the mentality on what constitutes a ‘sustainable economic system ‘ , foremost by understanding why present national economic systems are non sustainable. Contemporary economic sciences is based on economic growing and efficient allotment of resources, and multiple schemes are put in topographic point to accomplish pre-determined economic aims upon which the wealth of states is based. Conversely, the alleged ‘new economic sciences ‘ or ‘ecological economic sciences ‘ is based on sustainable growing and carnival and efficient distribution of resources. The first clip that the latter became a world instead than a theory was at the 2009 Copenhagen Climate Change acme when developing universe states argued really convincingly that the developed universe should financially help the underdeveloped universe in cut downing planetary green house gas emanations. The failure of the acme to make a one-sided understanding on nursery gas emanations was mostly due to a deficiency of understanding on the basic rule of wealth distribution which underwrites ecological economic sciences. Conventional economic sciences puts a monetary value on natural resources such as fossil fuels, minerals, H2O and groceries and these are regarded as the chief drivers of national economic systems. However, every bit of import natural resources such as national Parkss, Marine Parkss, wetlands, coral reefs, mangrove swamps and many others are regarded as ‘economic outwardnesss ‘ which ‘need non be priced ‘ and hence are mature for development, peculiarly through touristry. Ecological economic sciences is based on realistic pricing of all natural resources which are capable to ingestion by worlds, either straight or indirectly and in add-on, is committed to the belief that sustainable economic sciences is based on a one-sided rejuvenation of industry such that fabrication procedures are energy and waste efficient, consume less resources and supply clean, safe working environments. Ecological economic sciences is the cardinal platform of the emerging C economic s ystem. However, it is already apparent that there is much resistance to a ‘carbon revenue enhancement ‘ and incredulity of the effectivity of ‘carbon emanation trading strategies ‘ in cut downing nursery gas emanations, so public instruction on the basic scientific discipline and economic sciences underpinning these strategies is evidently desperately required.Education for sustainable communitiesThere is no uncertainty that the overpowering menace to sustainability of humanity in the twenty-first century is that the present planetary population of about 6.8 billion is devouring 40 % more resources that the Earth is bring forthing per annum and so with a projected planetary population of 9 billion by 2050, 5.4 Earth ‘s worth of resources will be required to accomplish human sustainability. Even to travel towards sustainability on such a graduated table evidently requires a monolithic mind alteration of humanity and utmost urgency in the execution of sus tainable life patterns. Constructing sustainable communities basically involves ‘people power ‘ but communities require educating in order to develop the cognition, values and accomplishments required for informed decision-making that will better quality of life now without damaging the environment in the hereafter. Achieving sustainable life is a journey of indefinite continuance but with a clearly defined finish. It is a journey taken both by persons and by communities at the same time to the benefit of all. The foundation of sustainable communities is the development of sustainability literacy within communities which involves an apprehension of the present instability between ingestion and regeneration of indispensable natural resources – energy, H2O and nutrient. It is slightly dry and humbling to witness that the autochthonal communities of the universe have been far more sustainability literate over the last two centuries than the alleged modern communities over the last two decenn aries. Sustainable communities are resilient communities which have changed life-style behaviour and wonts which depend on inordinate consumerism to those which embrace waste decrease, reuse and recycle schemes all of which harmonize life criterions with environmental demands. These alterations take clip to implement but ensue in community societal wellbeing, strong economic systems and booming environments, the benefits of which become obvious to all. Sustainable communities vary tremendously with regard to size and character but traditionally form two groups – urban and rural. In the yesteryear, it has been much more hard to prolong rural communities due mostly to the one-way migration from state to town/city to obtain employment. However, this tendency can be at least partly reversed with the wider execution of ‘eco-development ‘ which has been responsible for the alleged ‘new urbanism ‘ doctrine but is merely merely going evident in rural and regional Centre substructure planning. Eco-development is based on a clean, green life doctrine which incorporates ingestion of renewable energies, preservation of H2O and life off the land utilizing smart ways to turn nutrient. Sustainable literacy merely becomes effectual when communities understand and appreciate that sustainable life non merely gives rise to better, healthier life styles but besides is cost effectual both in the short and long footings. B y virtuousness of their sustainable life styles, sustainable communities are resilient to the effects of clime alteration and are good suited to profit from future carbon-based economic systems.Education for sustainable energy suppliesProlonging humanity in the twenty-first century requires prolonging energy resources and supplies which creates the quandary which has become known as the planetary energy crisis. Coal, oil and natural gas combined provide about 80 % of planetary energy demands chiefly in the signifier of electricity and conveyance fuels but at the same clip bring forth the majority of nursery gas emanations which are believed to be responsible for planetary heating. It is estimated that planetary energy demand could leap by 50 % by 2030, consistent with a planetary population addition of 1.5 billion over the following two decennaries and this translates to a planetary heating estimation of the order of 6oC if fossil fuels continue to be the primary energy resource. An addition of 6oC corresponds to about 3 times the planetary heating which has occurred over the last century and would hold ruinous environmental, economic and societal effects. It is this type of horror scenario which is driving the alleged ‘global energy revolution ‘ which dictates that there has to be a move off from fossil fuels as the primary energy resource towards the usage of clean green renewable energy resources. These are having increasing attending but all have important technological, development, economic and ethical jobs associated with them. The quandary is that at present, all known renewable energy resources combined including atomic, solar, air current and biofuels account for less than 10 % of planetary energy demands and although considerable technological progresss are happening with regard to the commercial development of renewable energy resources, this state of affairs is improbable to alter significantly within the following decennary. Similarl y, attempts to cut down nursery gas emanations from bing coal-burning power Stationss, jointly known as ‘clean coal engineering ‘ , are at least 10 -15 old ages off from commercial world. It is cautiously estimated that fossil fuels will stay as the primary planetary energy resource for at least the following 30 – 50 old ages and that phasing out of bing coal-burning power Stationss will take at least 10 – 15 old ages. Therefore, the energy crisis is basically how are sustainable energy supplies to be provided entirely from renewable energy resources over the following half century? Although, it is by and large agreed that the passage to renewable energy resources is inevitable, the clip graduated table for such a passage is really ill-defined since there are non merely major technological jobs to be overcome but besides major societal and economic issues to be addressed along the manner which involve important educational schemes to be one-sidedly implemented. Given that it is already copiously clear that we live by an ‘energy economic system ‘ it is improbable that the excess costs associated with suspension of nursery gas emanations from fossil fuel burning coupled with the costs of developing options to fossil fuels will be readily accepted by communities, given that the present escalating costs of electricity and conveyance fuels are a beginning of desperation globally. Then there are ethical issues to be resolved in the passage to clean energy resources. It has been extensively argued that atomic power is the lone realistic option to coal and oil as a primary energy resource but the general population is really concerned about the grade of fail-safe operation of atomic power Stationss and is really concerned about safe disposal of atomic waste. Similarly, biofuels which rely on nutrient harvests such as maize merchandises as the primary energy resource are viing with the despairing demand to increase grain production globally to turn to malnutrition in some 23 % of the planetary population. It is clear that the planetary energy revolution will merely win if feasible instruction schemes are introduced and available to the general population which address the widespread deficiency of apprehension of clime alteration and, in peculiar, its causes and besides address the pros and cons of renewable energy resources. The immediate hereafter has to affect a blend of old and new energy coevals engineerings coupled with a widespread acknowledgment that energy has to be conserved and non wasted. It is practical instruction plans which will advance this ethic at all degrees within communities.Education for sustainable H2O suppliesSustainable life besides means holding entree to sustainable H2O supplies. At present, it is estimated that some 15 % of the planetary population do non hold entree to safe H2O and the bulk of these are in developing states. It is well-known that many of the life threatening diseases, so common in the underdeveloped universe, are spread by imbibing contami nated H2O. Further, it is estimated that agricultural irrigation consumes some 65 % of planetary fresh water supplies and already many states and parts are sing H2O scarceness at dismaying degrees due to drawn-out periods of drouth. Droughts are predicted to go more drawn-out as a consequence of the effects of clime alteration and so demand for fresh water will necessarily lift – predicted to be by some 30 % over the following two decennaries and therefore it is clear that pressing schemes are necessary to educate communities to utilize less H2O more expeditiously. Unfortunately, addition in fresh water usage is driven by legion factors which are hard to measure and command. These factors include population addition and distribution, life styles, economic systems and, most peculiarly, by increasing demands for nutrient which drives additions in irrigated agribusiness. There is besides a political factor which influences freshwater use in that many of the universe ‘s major fresh water resources are shared since major rivers frequently flow through several states. For illustration, the Danube passes through 12 states that use its H2O and the Nile flows through 9 states which are wholly dependent on its Waterss. Agreement between states that portion freshwater resources can be hard to accomplish and prolong but are by and large associated with demands for more effectual H2O use and rigorous direction plans. Since fresh water is such a valuable resource, H2O pricing is a extremely combative issue at all degrees – domestic, industrial and agricultural. Agribusiness is linked straight to nutrient production and hence husbandmans believe that they have the right to sufficient H2O to bring forth sufficient harvests to supply a sustainable income for themselves and their households. Some authoritiess nevertheless believe that such H2O rights should be controlled by licence in position of the scarceness of the trade good and this explains the struggle that is apparent between primary manufacturers and H2O licensing governments. It is inevitable that sustainable agribusiness depends on a major decrease in H2O used for irrigation by progressive usage of drip-irrigation engineering in concurrence with installing of improved drainage and recycling systems. Besides, during the alleged ‘Green Revolution ‘ of the sixtiess, new strains of many species of harvests resulted in big add itions in productiveness and this engineering is now focused on strains of grain harvests which require less irrigation. At the industrial degree and as a major portion of ‘industrial greening ‘ schemes, industry is following H2O recycling enterprises which may include partial intervention of waste H2O. These enterprises are complementary to the energy ingestion decrease schemes and are consistent with the ‘3R ‘s ‘ of clean, green industry – reuse, recycle, cut down. At the domestic degree, a ‘user wages ‘ system is normally applied to H2O ingestion and during periods of drouth, limitations are placed on H2O use which are enforced by H2O direction governments. It is going progressively evident that due to the intensifying cost of H2O, communities and persons are going more cognizant of the demand for H2O preservation and are taking appropriate stairss to originate the ‘3R ‘ regulation both separately and jointly. These enterprises include the installing of H2O armored combat vehicles in places to roll up rain H2O and the recycling of non-sewage waste H2O for external usage. No longer can it be taken for granted that the right to H2O agencies merely turning a pat on.Education for sustainable nutrient suppliesFood security, in concurrence with sustainable energy and H2O supplies, are the indispensable constituents of prolonging humanity. At present, nutrient security is non a world since at least 15 % of the planetary population is ill-fed and with a projected billowing population addition, it is a dashing challenge to cut down universe hungriness, particularly since this is straight linked with poorness and exacerbated by planetary heating. The Green Revolution, which partly achieved nutrient security over the period 1960 to mid-1980, was the morning of ‘intensive agribusiness ‘ which has resulted in serious environmental jobs. Widespread deep tilling of land together with inordinate usage of fertilisers and pesticides coupled with intensive irrigation has caused debasement of dirt quality and texture in add-on to dry land salt. The extra menace of clime alteration will necessarily further endanger the accomplishment of nutrient security in coming decennaries unless pressing stairss are taken now to travel towards sustainable agribusiness. Science, engineering and invention are indispensable drivers of sustainable agribusiness and therefore nutrient security. Improved mechanisation of agribusiness utilizing efficient reaping machines which cut down dirt compression are already increasing productiveness and usage of geographical placement system ( GPS ) engineering to supervise and command the place of such machinery enables exactly measured sums of seed, fertiliser and pesticides in add-on to the finding of dirt and works quality, which enables early sensing of diseases. Further, development of improved harvest assortments and marker assisted works genteelness combine to cut down losingss due to plagues and diseases. These biotechnologies lead to strains which are tolerant of drouth, heat and saline conditions in add-on to improved plague and disease opposition. Further, trickle irrigation coupled with micro-nutrient add-on is going progressively effectual in increasing production of staple harvests such as sweet murph y. In the quest to happen alternate, clean, green energy resources, bio-fuels have come into prominence. Biofuels are presently produced from amylum, sugar cane, wheat, corn and palm oil. Biofuel production is presently slightly controversial since the needed natural stuff is derived from land that should be used for nutrient production. In add-on, sugar cane and palm oil plantations contribute to deforestation of tropical rain woods. ‘Second coevals ‘ biofuels are presently being investigated which use harvest residues, grasses and willows as base stuffs and these have much promise as future commercial biofuels and are free of the nutrient related contentions. The last decennary has seen monolithic development of marine resources in the quest to accomplish nutrient security. The application of modern engineering to commercialisation of angling operations has led to a planetary overfishing crisis such that sustainable piscaries thresholds have been exceeded. Many of the coastal commercial piscaries have collapsed as a consequence of worsening gimmicks and the planetary industry is confronting farther menaces from saltwater warming and increasing acidification caused by clime alteration. Therefore, the seafood industry is non sustainable. The solution involves reaping methods that gaining control fish selectively and within specified bounds so as to let regeneration. However, such schemes are hard to implement on an international graduated table. Aquaculture is going progressively of import in turn toing the challenge of nutrient security. Entire fish gaining control in 2010 amounted to some 145 million metric tons of which aquaculture contributed 54 million metric tons – stand foring an addition of some 20 million metric tons compared to a decennary ago. Aquaculture meets at least three aims: provides seafood and hence income for coastal communities, reduces angling force per unit area on wild populations and maintains fish supply to prolong commercial, subsistence and recreational demands. Aquaculture can be sustainable provided that quality saltwater, reliable supplies of seed and feed-stocks are available together with application of schemes to guarantee disease free hatcheries and grow-out systems. The following coevals of aquaculture may affect debut of genetically modified beings ( GMOs ) . GMO ‘s have already been introduced into agribusiness and genetically modified harvest strains have been shown to giv e higher outputs with lower fertiliser support. The transgenic animate being merchandises are controversial and early efforts to market GMO salmon have faced stiff opposition. However, the potency for GMOs to be a force in battling nutrient deficits is important and can non be overlooked. Food security is clearly based on a combination of sustainable agribusiness, sustainable piscaries and sustainable aquaculture together with a paradigm displacement in the extent to which natural nutrient resources are exploited. Basically, more nutrient has to be produced with less energy, less H2O, less chemicals and by methods which allow environmental regeneration.Education in sustainability scientific discipline and engineeringSustainability scientific discipline is the scientific discipline associated with sustainable natural resource direction upon which the sustainability of humanity depends. The chemical scientific disciplines have a polar function in sustainability scientific discipline since atmospheric, fresh water and marine chemical science and dirt chemical science are of major importance in understanding pollution, and sourness and salt in the environment and overall wellness of the environment. In fact, ‘green chemical science ‘ is a driving force of envi ronmental sustainability. With its linkages to the biological scientific disciplines, economic sciences, environmental jurisprudence and political relations, green chemical science is a new manner to develop and use chemical procedures and processs that produce ‘chemicals ‘ which are benign to the environment and economically competitory. Aquatic chemical science plays a polar function in the finding of H2O quality of rivers, lakes and seas – a cardinal factor in the sustainability of aquatic nutrient production. It besides explains why rives and seas are increasing in sourness and the eventful effects on aquatic life, peculiarly fish. Soil chemical science is of huge significance in understanding how soil quality can be improved within an intensive agribusiness government and in understanding the causes and redresss for dry-land salt. Another constituent of sustainability scientific discipline is the ‘so-called ‘ clime scientific discipline, which is focused on an apprehension of the planetary clime and besides on the causes and effects of planetary heating. There is widespread belief that ‘technology ‘ can work out the major universe jobs such as hungriness, energy and fresh water lacks and, more late – clime alteration. This is merely partly true since it takes clip and invention to commercialize appropriate engineering to turn to specific jobs and technological innovation is an germinating procedure. It has already been shown that biotechnology is playing a critical function in the suspension of hungriness and many engineerings are being trialed and tested in the pursuit for clean energy resources. However, in footings of prolonging the environment and hence humanity in the twenty-first century, many types of engineerings are required which address basically the debasement of the environment caused by human intercession. For illustration, C gaining control and storage engineering, which is being developed to cut down nursery gas emanations from coal-burning power Stationss, may be successful but the economic costs o f gaining control, concentration, transit and storage of these gases has to be considered in the context of keeping costs of power coevals near to or at present degrees so that consumers are non faced with intensifying power measures. Further, the effects of long-run storage of nursery gases in deep Wellss are non known. It seems logical to recycle the captured nursery gases to bring forth utile chemicals instead than bury them. Similarly, GMO ‘s are of great significance in hiking agricultural end products without the inordinate usage of fertilisers and pesticides. However, there is much community resistance to their usage in footings of the effects thereof on human wellness and this is peculiarly the instance with genetically modified animate beings. It is clear than that sustainable scientific discipline and engineering are doing major parts to prolonging humanity and will make so in the hereafter but are non replacements for cardinal parts made by persons and communities to prolonging the environment.Education on clime alterationClimate alteration is likely one of the most contested modern-day issues. The pro-lobbyists argue that the scientific facts back uping clime alteration are incontrovertible and that back uping grounds is abundant. The opposing groups and sceptics argue that clime alteration is non a new phenomenon and that the scientific grounds is inconclusive and equivocal. It is clear that an apprehension of clime alteration requires some cognition of several scientific disciplines and understanding how to extenuate it needs to acknowledge the societal, political and economic facets. The latter have come into prominence late with the failure of the latest universe acme on clime alteration held in Copenhagen in 2009, neglecting to come up with an in agreement scheme to cut down nursery gas emanations really significantly within the following decennary. The failure to make understanding was in portion due to the developed states being unwilling to subsidise developing states in attempts to extenuate clime alteration and the ‘big three ‘ – USA, China and India one time once more non holding to subscribe any understanding to take the universe in doing the biggest cuts to greenhouse gas emanations within the following decennary. There is besides a widespread perceptual experience that engineering will repair the job of clime alteration but this is a psychotic belief. It is true that engineering is already being applied to turn to the most powerful job of nursery gas emanation – those associated with the production of electricity by the burning of natural coal. Clean coal engineering is already a major industry non merely with regard to carbon dioxide gaining control and storage ( CCS ) but besides with regard to development of clean, green, renewable energy resources. With regard to CCS, there are major jobs with the scheme of gaining control, concentration and ultimate dumping and it is by no agencies certain that this engineering will salvage coal-burning power Stationss from forced death. By contrast, immense developments are being made with regard to solar energy coevals, peculiarly with regard to the production of cheap solar cells and electricity storage capacity of batteries. Wind energy coeval s is besides going commercially feasible but has considerable public resistance since the monolithic generators are visually unattractive and are often located on premier cultivable land. It has already been discussed that engineering is being applied to stabilise H2O supplies even though these are farther threatened by the effects of clime alteration. Technology is besides developing more efficient irrigation systems and biotechnology is developing strains of nutrient harvests that require less H2O and can thrive in saline dirt conditions. However, it is clear that engineering entirely can non be relied upon to extenuate the effects of clime alteration. It has already been shown that prolonging humanity in the twenty-first century is wholly dependent on prolonging the environment which can merely be achieved by ‘people power ‘ both at the community and single degrees. Climate alteration is traveling to do this challenge even more ambitious and therefore the demand to conserve energy, H2O and nutrient, upon which humanity so clearly depends, is even more pressing. Equally pressing is the demand for wide-ranging instruction plans which guide communities and persons to follow eco-friendly life styles to prolong the environment. In decision, this overview has shown that prolonging humanity in both the short and long footings can merely be achieved by prolonging the environment which in bend agencies prolonging the primary resources, energy, H2O and nutrient, on which human life depends. Prolonging the environment is a supreme challenge since a battalion of complex synergistic secret agents are involved which demand single and community attending. Climate alteration introduces an extra dimension to this challenge and besides increases the urgency to traveling towards environmental sustainability. Complacency is non an option, nor is trust on engineering to work out this crisis. It is lone persons and communities working together in concurrence with engineering that moves toward environmental sustainability will be evident. Unfortunately, the journey towards environmental sustainability is of unsure continuance and can non make its finish within one coevals.